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4. BIOINDIKATOR

4. BIOINDIKATOR. Bioakumulasi vs Biomagnefikasi. Bioakumulasi. peningkatan konsentrasi polutan dari lingkungan ke organisme pertama dalam rantai makanan. Bioakumulasi mengacu pada bagaimana polutan memasuki rantai makanan. Biomagnefikasi.

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4. BIOINDIKATOR

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  1. 4. BIOINDIKATOR

  2. Bioakumulasi vs Biomagnefikasi • Bioakumulasi peningkatan konsentrasi polutan dari lingkungan ke organisme pertama dalam rantai makanan Bioakumulasi mengacu pada bagaimana polutan memasuki rantai makanan

  3. Biomagnefikasi peningkatan konsentrasi polutan dari satu link dalam rantai makanan ke makanan lain Biomagnifikasi mengacu pada kecenderungan polutan untuk berkonsentrasi ketika bergerak dari satu tingkat trofik ke depan

  4. http://redkiteprayer.com/2010/11/bioaccumulation/

  5. Agar biomagnifikasi terjadi, polutan harus: • berumur panjang • Mobile • larut dalam lemak • biologis aktif

  6. BIOMONITORING • Pemantauan lingkungan dengan menggunakan indikator organisme sebagai usaha manusia untuk melindungi dan mengendalikan lingkungan / ekosistem Termasuk : perairan laut, estuari dan pesisir • Ekosistem sehat Komunitas biotik (ikan banyak) Karakteristik abiotik

  7. Tujuan : • Deteksi parameter fisika • Deteksi parameter kimia • Prinsip : menggunakan organisme untuk monitoring, evaluasi & deteksi kondisi lingkungan • Biomonitor mendeteksi perubahan ekosistem jangka panjang & jangka pendek

  8. Biomonitoring diperlukan ? Toxicant environment Streessing organism Alteration (negative changing) from ecosystem characteristic Changing or orgnism survivorship Restrusturitation of biotic community

  9. Polutanmasukkeperairan Perlakuan Merubahkualitas air dilihatmll Responorganismesbgrespon I Analisa & kesimpulan BIOMONITORING Data monitoring Responkomunitas dilihatmll

  10. Teknik Biomonitoring • Passive biomonitoring • Active biomonitoring • Physical biomonitoring • Detection of behavioral changes of organism • Lab/field assay • Immuno assay • Biomarkers, protein & enzyms • Biological/ecological surveys

  11. BIOMONITOR • Organisme di ekosistem yang digunakan untuk aktifitas biomonitoring • Syarat : • Wide distribution • Active in every season & still in growth time • Can accumulate toxicant from their ecosystem without disturbing their metabolism • Local species • Good survivorship

  12. Long life Wide trophic level Easy in sampling & identification Top food web (accumulate more toxicant) • Fish • Benthic macroinvertebrate Detection the environment changing in longterm Easy to sampling & identification Wide distribution

  13. Klasifikasi Biomonitor • Sentinels : • Detector Spesies yang peka terhadap lingkungan yang sengaja diperkenalkan untuk menjadi target sebagai alat pemantauan dini (perangkat peringatan dini) spesies yang ditemukan secara alami dalam target lingkungan Spesies ini dapat memberikan respon nyata dan terukur yang disebabkan oleh lingkungan yang berubah

  14. Exploiters • Accumulator spesies yang adadilingkunganyang mengindikasikan kemungkinanperubahandalamlingkungan / polutan spesies yang mengakumulasi bahan kimia dalam tubuh mereka (bioakumulasi)

  15. Bioassay organism organismetertentu yang digunakandalamlaboratoriumuntukmendeteksikeberadaan / konsentrasipolutan

  16. BIOREMEDIASI • Proses yang menggunakan hidup mikro-organisme, atau enzim mereka, untuk mengembalikan lingkungan yang tercemar ke kondisi semula atau ditingkatkan • Istilah "bioremediasi" digunakanuntukmetode yang mencobauntukmempercepatprosesalami

  17. http://www.biorem.com/simpli1.gif

  18. Bioremediation can take place : • Aerobic conditions : microbes need O₂ to convert contaminants & toxins into water & carbon • Anaerobic conditions : in the absence of O₂, produces energy which is used by microbes

  19. Jenis Bioremidiasi • Biostimulation : bacteria are motivated to start the process of bioremediation first the experts release nutrients and other important substances in the soil where there is need or removing the contaminants (form of gas or liquid)  increases the growth of microbes in that area as a result bacteria and other microorganisms remove the contaminants quickly and efficiently

  20. Bioaugmentation : the application of specifically selected bacteria (microbes) into a wastewater treatment system If the indigenous population of microbes is not capable of fully degrading the contaminants external source of super microbes are applied to the contaminated media along with the nutrients these externally added microbes multiply and increase in population while degrading the contaminants and using the added nutrients

  21. Classes of contaminants biodegraded • Aromatics (toluene, xylene, benzene, phenol, naphthalene) • Chlorinated aromatics (chlorobenzene, PCBs) • Chlorinated solvents (chloroform, trichloroethylene [TCE]) These mostly involve enzymes called oxygenases • Toxic metals (mercury) • Other toxic metals can be taken up or precipitated by cells • Cu, Co, Ni, Pb • Not detoxified but can be removed more easily

  22. Contoh Microorganism • Pseudomonasputida • a gram-negative soil bacterium that is involved in the bioremediation of toulene,naphthalenein contaminated soils • Dechloromonasaromatica • a soil bacteria genus which are capable of degrading perchlorate and cromatic compounds.

  23. Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrobacter hamburgensis, and Paracoccus denitrificans • Industrial bioremediation is used to clean wastewater • During nitrification, ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by organisms like Nitrosomonas europaea further oxidized by microbes like Nitrobacter hamburgensis • In anaerobic conditions, nitrate produced during ammonium oxidation is used as a terminal electron acceptor by microbes like Paracoccus denitrificans The result is dinitrogen gas

  24. INDEKS BIOTIK • Skalauntukmenunjukkankualitaslingkungandenganmenunjukkanjenis-jenisorganisme yang adadidalamnya • Berdasarkanmakroinvertebrata yangmasukdalamkelompokkategoritergantungpadarespon merekaterhadappencemaranorganik

  25. Tipe makroinvertebrata • Pollution intolerant highly sensitive to pollution • Semi-Pollution intolerant sensitive to pollution • Semi-Pollution tolerant will be found in clean and slightly polluted waterways • Pollution tolerant will be found in polluted, as well as clean aquatic ecosystems

  26. (Zimmerman, 1993)

  27. Hilsenhoff (1977) formula : ni : number of specimens in each taxonomic group ai : pollution tolerancescore for that taxonomic group N : total number of organisms in sample

  28. Family-level pollution tolerance scores for the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (Mandaville, 2002)

  29. Water quality based on Family Biotic Index (adapted from Hilsenhoff, 1977)

  30. Example

  31. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) • Nilai yang menggambarkan tingkat kandungan logam berat dalam tubuh organisme terhadap media hidupnya (air dan sedimen) • Menunjukkan adanya potensi akumulasi yang dilakukan biota

  32. BCF(o-w) = Faktorbiokonsentrasi (organismedenganair) BCF (o-s) = Faktorbiokonsentrasi (organismedengansedimen) C org = Konsentrasilogamberatdalamorganisme C water = Konsentrasilogamberatdalamair. C sed. = Konsentrasilogamberatdalamsedimen

  33. Kriteria : Janssen et al (1991) nilai BCF > 1 : organisme memiliki kemampuan untuk mengakumulasi nilai BCF ≤ 1 : organisme kurang/bahkan tidak memiliki kemampuan mengakumulasi dalamtubuhnya van Esch et al. (1977) dalam Amriani et al. (2011) BCF > 1000 : akumulasi tinggi BCF berkisar 100-1000 : akumulasi sedang BCF < 100 : akumulasi rendah

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