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Logic in Artificial Intelligence

Logic in Artificial Intelligence. By Jeremy Wright Mathematical Logic April 10 th , 2012. “AI is a subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that display behavior that can be characterized as intelligent. Desire to have intelligent, independent entities

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Logic in Artificial Intelligence

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  1. Logic in Artificial Intelligence By Jeremy Wright Mathematical Logic April 10th, 2012

  2. “AI is a subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that display behavior that can be characterized as intelligent. • Desire to have intelligent, independent entities • Currently limited to more narrow applications • Planning • Speech-to-speech translation • etc Background

  3. Theoretical computation based in logic • Logical Programming Influences in Computation

  4. Analysis • Basis for Knowledge Representation • Programming Language Uses for Logic in AI

  5. Scientific Theories Represent Compartmentalized Knowledge • Common-sense reasoning is required for solving problems in the common- sense world • Informal metatheory of any scientific theory has a common- sense informatic character Common Sense vs. Scientific Theories

  6. A machine may use no logical sentences • Computer programs that use sentences in machine memory to represent their beliefs but use other rules than ordinary logical inference to reach conclusions • Using first order logic and also logical deduction • Representing general facts about the world as logical sentences Four Levels of Logic in AI

  7. Entities of interest are known only partially, and the information about entities and their relations that may be relevant to achieving goals cannot be permanently separated from irrelevant information. • The formalism has to be epistemologically adequate • formalism must be capable of representing the information that is actually available, not merely capable of representing actual complete states of affairs Reaching Fourth Stage

  8. Monotonic Logic states that if one can prove p from A and A is contained in B, then one can prove p from B • Follows from deductive means but some human reasoning is not monotonic. • Example: If one is hired to build a bird age, one assumes that there should be a top on it but it does not follow from monotonic reasoning in some cases • Probabilistic Reasoning Nonmonotonic Reasoning

  9. AI would have reason about what it can and cannot do • If one has two choices, B and C, an AI should be able to decide which of the two it should use to either accomplish a goal, say A, or choose based on provided criteria Practical Reason and Free Will

  10. AI should have ability to reason about its knowledge and that of other AI and people • Make judgments on appropriate courses of action • Example: designing a trip via air and picking intermediate stops along the way • Knowledge of airline schedules, locations, distances, etc. Knowledge and Belief

  11. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy • “Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense” by John McCarthy, Stanford University Resources

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