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????????? . 1700????,J.Lancaster??A.Bell ??,???????????????,?????1806???????1960????,????(D.W. Johnson
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1. ????????? ???:??? ??? ???
2. ????????? 1700????,J.Lancaster??A.Bell
??,???????????????,?????1806???????1960????,????(D.W. Johnson & R.T.Johnson)?????????????????????????,??????????(Cooperative Learning Center),?????????????????(???????,?85)?
3. ????????? ????????????,?????????
????(???????,1999)
???????(cognitive developmental perspective)
???????(social nter-dependenceperspective)
?????(contact theory perspective)
??????(behavioral learning theory perspective)
???????
4. ?????????—????1 ????????(cognitive development)
1?Piaget ???????
Piaget ??????????( social arbitrary knowledge)??????????????????(?????),????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????
(???,1993)
5. ?????????—????2 2. Vygotsky ???????
????(scaffolding)??:????????????,????????,????????,??????????
??????????????????????,?????????????,??????????,?????????????????
??????????????????????????????
6. ?????????--????3 3. ?????
????????????????????,??????????????????????????(???,1996)
???????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????
(???,1995)?
7. ?????????—????4 ???????
Slavin(1999)????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????????,????????
Slavin ?Johnson ?Johnson ????????????????,???????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????(???,1997)
8. ?????????—?????? ????????1900 ?????????????Kafka,???:????????????(dynamic whole)?
?????????????-??,????????,??????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????(??)???????,??????????????,?????
9. ?????????—???? ??????Bruner(1966)????????????????????,??????????????,???????????,??????????????????????????(theory of instruction)????????????:???????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????
Slavin(1999)??????????????,?????????????????
10. ??????? ??Parker(1985)
??????????????,???????????,????????????????,?????????????????,??????,???????????,???????????????
11. ??????? ?????????????,????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????( Nattiv ,1994)
???????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????,????????????,??????????????
(Sharan & shaulov,1990)
12. ??????? ?????(1998)
????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????;??????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????
13. ??????? ????????,??????:
???????????????,????????,?????????2?8??????,??????????????,????????????????????,???????????????
14. ??????? ??????
??????(positive interdependence)
???????????(face-to-face
promotive interaction)
??????(individual accountability)
??????
??????
??????(group processing)
15. ????????? ?????????(positive interdependence)
Johnson?Johnson(1993)??????????????:
1.???????(goal interdependence)
2.???????(rewards interdependence)
3.???????(task interdependence)
4.???????(role interdependence)
5.???????(resource interdependence )
16. ????????? ????????(face to face interaction)
Johnson?Johnson?1993 ??????????????????????:
(?)???????????????
(?)????????
(?)???????????
??????????????????,?????,?????????????
17. ????????? ??????(individual accountability )
??????????????:(???,1997)
1??????????????,???????2 ?6 ???,?????
2????????????,?????????,????????
3??????????????????????????????
4??????????,????????????????
5?????????????????????
18. ????????? ??????(interpersonal skill)
?????,??????????(????task-work),???????????????????????(????team work)?(???,1996)
1????????????????
2?????????????,?????? ?,?????
3??????????
4????????,?????
19. ????????? ??????(group processing)
??????????????(???,1996)
1???????????
2??????????,??????????
3?????????????
4???????????,????????????????
5??????????????
20. ????????? ????:?????,???????,???
?????
????:?????????????????
????,?????
????:????????,????????
?????
????:????????????????
????:?????????????????
?????
????:???????,?????????
???????
21. ??????? ????????????,??????????,???????????????,????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????,???????,?????????????,???????????,????????????????????(???,1999)
22. ????????? Johnson?Johnson(1993)
?????:????????,???????
?????:???????????,????????????
?????:???????????????????
Johnson ?Johnson??????????????:????70%,??10%,?????20%????????
23. ????????????? ?????????????
?????????????????
?????????????????
?????????????????
?????????????
????????????????
????????????????????
?????????????????????????????(???,1994)
24. ?????????? ???????????(STAD) Student Teams-Achievement Divisions