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Outline of Presentation. Historical BackgroundApartheid in South AfricaChildhoodEducation and Early CareerPolitical ActivismThe Treason TrialThe Pan Africanist CongressThe Sharpeville Massacre Travel and ArrestThe Rivonia TrialI am Prepared to Die"ImprisonmentReleaseThe End of Aparthei
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1. Nelson Mandela Katherine Hussey
A Block
April 13th, 2007 http://www.ic-creations.com/SouthAfrica/Images/Photos/Men/men8.jpghttp://www.ic-creations.com/SouthAfrica/Images/Photos/Men/men8.jpg
2. Outline of Presentation Historical Background
Apartheid in South Africa
Childhood
Education and Early Career
Political Activism
The Treason Trial
The Pan Africanist Congress
The Sharpeville Massacre
Travel and Arrest
The Rivonia Trial
“I am Prepared to Die”
Imprisonment
Release
The End of Apartheid
Presidency
Retirement
3. Historical Background South Africa populated by native tribes
Xhosa, Zulu, and Sotho people
Dutch arrived in 17th century
Attracted by fertile land, mines with gold, diamonds
Descendents referred to as Boers or Afrikaners
Friction between two groups
Afrikaner National Party created in 1940’s
Asserted economic and social control over blacks
Invented apartheid to maintain control
“Separateness” in Afrikaans
4. Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid laws first appeared in 1949
Prohibited interracial marriages
Reserved better paying jobs for whites
Segregation
1950 Population Regulation Act
Required that all citizens be racially classified
Black Africans forced to carry credentials
1951 Bantu Authorities Act
Created four “homelands”
Denationalized nine million
1953 Public Safety Act & Criminal Law Amendment Act
Severe punishment for even non-violent protesting
Fines, imprisonment, whippings
Could be detained without a hearing for up to six months
Thousands died in custody, often after torture
Punished with death, exile, life imprisonment
5. Childhood Born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, East Cape Province
Small village
Region a.k.a. Transkei
Home to Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe
Named Rolihlahla (“troublemaker”)
Son of Henry Mandela, Chief of Mvezo
Advisor to Jongintaba Dalindyebo
Paramount Chief of Thembu
Guardian after father died in 1930
Attended meetings conducted by Jongintaba
Learned about governance
Descendent of Thembu royalty
Guaranteed position as royal advisor
6. Education and Early Career Attended Methodist missionary schools
Renamed Nelson
Enrolled at University of Fort Hare in 1938
Befriended Oliver Tambo
Both expelled in 1940 for political activism
Worked at law firm in Johannesburg
Took course provided by University of South Africa at night
Obtained Bachelor’s degree in art in 1941
Studied law at University of Witwatersrand
Opened firm with Oliver Tambo in 1952
First black African legal practice
7. Political Activism Joined African National Congress in 1944
Formed Youth League with Oliver Tambo
Secretary of ANCYL in 1947
National Party won election of 1948
New ANC president approved by ANCYL
President of ANCYL in 1951
Banned from ANC in 1952
Prohibited from attending meetings or holding an office
Confined to Johannesburg area
ANC operated underground
8. The Treason Trial 156 nationalists arrested December 5th, 1956
Included Mandela and Albert Luthuli, President of ANC
Leaders of Congress Alliance
Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations
Charged with high treason
Punishable by death
Acquitted in March of 1961
9. The Pan Africanist Congress Formed by more radical members of ANC
Rivalry between ANC and PAC
69 demonstrators killed at Sharpeville on March 21, 1960
Both groups formed military wings in 1961
Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”)
Mandela appointed first commander of MK
PAC’s Poqo and MK prepare sabotage
10. The Sharpeville Massacre http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/specialprojects/sharpevill/07_pictures.htm
http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/specialprojects/sharpevill/07_pictures.htm
11. Travel and Arrest Mandela left country in secret in 1962
Attended Conference of Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa
Conference of African nationalist leaders in Addis Ababa
Provided with Ethiopian passport by Haile Selassie
Traveled to Algeria for military training
Guerilla warfare
Next to London to visit Tambo
Arrested upon return
12. The Rivonia Trial Charged for leaving country
Sentenced to five years in prison
MK HQ at Lilieslief raided on
July 11th, 1963
Arrested leaders charged with 221 counts of sabotage
Mandela delivered four hour statement
“I am Prepared to Die”
Sentenced to life imprisonment plus five years
13. “ During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to
this struggle of the African people. I have fought
against white domination, and I have fought
against black domination. I have cherished the
ideal of a democratic and free society in which all
persons live together in harmony and with equal
opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for
and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which
I am prepared to die.”
14. Imprisonment Gained local and international support
Pressured South African government to release Mandela
Hidden from media
Moved several times
Offered freedom in 1976
Told that in exchange he must withdraw from political activism
Refused this and subsequent offers http://i6.photobucket.com/albums/y241/SillyGirl30
2005/movies%20tv%20etc/Nelson2520Mandela1.jpg http://i6.photobucket.com/albums/y241/SillyGirl30
2005/movies%20tv%20etc/Nelson2520Mandela1.jpg
15. Release Frederik Willem de Klerk became president in 1989
Lifted ban on all political parties
Released all political prisoners not guilty of violent crimes
On February 11th, 1990 Mandela was released http://www.jwelford.demon.co.uk/brainwaremap/assert.htmlhttp://www.jwelford.demon.co.uk/brainwaremap/assert.html
16. The End of Apartheid Replaced Tambo as president of ANC
Convention for Democratic South America formed in 1991
To negotiate transitional government
Both Mandela and de Klerk involved
Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in December of 1993
First multiracial election in South Africa in April of 1994
ANC won by 62%
Government of National Unity
Maximum of five years while new constitution formed
Mandela became president of South Africa
17. Presidency Inaugurated May 10th, 1994
First black president of South Africa
Aimed to improve social and economic conditions for black majority
Large scale redistribution of wealth
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Human rights violations from old regime
Improved living standards of black population
Better housing and education
Violence control
Afrikaner Resistance Movement
Extremists opposing new government using terrorism
Legislation to protect workers
Workplace safety, overtime pay, minimum wage http://www.historywiz.com/africa.htm
http://www.historywiz.com/africa.htm
18. Retirement Decided not to run for reelection in 1997
Supported Thabo Mbeki
Inaugurated June 16, 1999
Retired from public life in 2004
Committed to fight against HIV/AIDS epidemic
Son Makgatho Mandela died of AIDS on January 6th, 2005
19. “ We have at last achieved our
political emancipation. We pledge
ourselves to liberate all our people
from the continuing bondage of
poverty, deprivation, suffering,
gender, and other discrimination
. . . Never, never, and never again
shall it be that this beautiful land
will again experience the
oppression of one by another. . .
Let freedom reign.” http://www.sa-venues.com/images/nelson-mandela.jpghttp://www.sa-venues.com/images/nelson-mandela.jpg
20. Information Bibliography
21. Image Bibliography http://www.southafrica.to/people/Quotes/NelsonMandela/NelsonMandela.htm
http://www.southafrica.to/people/Quotes/NelsonMandela/NelsonMandela.htm