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Writing/Grammar

Writing/Grammar. Note Cards. Note Card #40. What does Objective mean? What does Pessimistic mean? What does Optimistic mean?. Objective = not personal Pessimistic = negative Optimistic = positive. Note Card #1. What are the three SIMPLE verb tenses? . Past, present, and future.

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Writing/Grammar

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  1. Writing/Grammar Note Cards

  2. Note Card #40 • What does Objective mean? • What does Pessimistic mean? • What does Optimistic mean? • Objective = not personal • Pessimistic = negative • Optimistic = positive

  3. Note Card #1 • What are the three SIMPLE verb tenses? • Past, present, and future

  4. Note Card #2 • What is past perfect? • A verb tense that shows two things happening in the past, one before the other. • Uses the helping verb “HAD”

  5. Note Card #3 • What is present perfect? • A helping verb that shows one thing starting in the past and is still continuing. • Uses the helping verbs “HAS/HAVE”

  6. Note Card #4 • What is future perfect? • A verb tense that shows two things happening in the future, one before the other. • Uses the verb phrase “WILL HAVE”

  7. Note Card #5 1. What are the two present emphatic verb tenses? 2. What is the past emphatic verb tense? 1. DO/DOES (present) 2. DID (past)

  8. Note Card #6 • In what three ways can the emphatic verb tenses be used? • To ask a question • To make a negative statement using “not” • To emphasize

  9. Note Card #7 • What is an ambiguous pronoun? • A pronoun that has an unclear antecedent. • Example: Mark and John went to his game.

  10. Note Card #8 • What is active voice? • When the subject is performing the action • Example: The students read the book.

  11. Note Card #9 • What is passive voice? • When the subject is not performing the action (the action is happening to the subject) • Example: The book was read by the students.

  12. Note Card #10 • When is passive voice appropriate? • When you do not know who/what is performing the action (when you cannot change the sentence into active voice) • Example: The book was read quickly.

  13. Note Card #11 • What is an objective complement? • A noun or adjective that comes after the direct object in a sentence and describes or identifies the direct object • Example: He painted the house white.

  14. Note Card #12 • When doing subject-verb agreement, what type of phrase should you get rid of? • Prepositional phrases • The subject of a sentence will never be in a prepositional phrase

  15. Note Card #13 1. Subjects joined by “and” take what type of verb? 2. With subjects joined by “or” or “nor” you must look at: 1. PLURAL 2. The subject closest to the verb to determine singular or plural

  16. Note Card #14 • List the indefinite pronouns that are always SINGULAR: • 2. List the indefinite pronouns that are always PLURAL: • ones, bodies, things, each, either, neither • Few, both, several, many

  17. Note Card #15 • List SAAMN: • When you have SAAMN as your subject, you must look at the: • Some, Any, All, Most, None • Object of the preposition to determine singular or plural

  18. Note Card #16 • List some collective nouns: • When is a collective noun SINGULAR? • When is a collective noun PLURAL? • Class, club, band, group • When it refers to the ONE group as a whole (working together) • When it refers to the MANY in the group (working separately)

  19. Note Card #17 • When should you capitalize North, South, East, West? • When should you not capitalize north, south, east, west? • When it is a region or already named location • When it is a direction

  20. Note Card #18 • What are coordinate adjectives and when should you use commas with them? • Adjectives that modify (describe) the same noun equally. • Use a comma between them if you can say “and” between them and swap them

  21. Note Card #19 • Examples of commas to avoid misreading: • In the summer, time goes by quickly. (between a phrase and subject) • During 1973, 570 homes were built. (between two different numbers)

  22. Note Card #20 • Examples of commas to avoid misreading (continued): • Those who can, can go home (between two words repeated) • EXCEPTION: He had had the mumps before the measles. (no comma between had had)

  23. Note Card #21 • Examples of commas to avoid misreading (continued): • People who can, preserve their family traditions. (at a pause in the sentence) • She ate, and fed the baby. (between two separate actions)

  24. Note Card #22 • When should you use semi-colons? • To set off a series within a series • To set off a series of appositives

  25. Note Card #23 • When should you use single quotation marks? • When you have a quote inside of a quote (double quotes on the outside, single quotes on the inside) • The teacher said, “We will read ‘The Raven.’”

  26. Note Card #24 • When creating equal emphasis with two sentences, which types of conjunctions can you use? • FANBOYS (coordinating): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so • Pairs (correlative): either/or, neither/nor, whether/or, both/and, not only/but also

  27. Note Card #25 • If you were asked to emphasize statement 2, which statement would remain independent? • What type of conjunctions could you use to emphasize one statement over another? • Statement 2 • Subordinating conjunctions (because, since, while, during, until)

  28. Note Card #26 • What is a dangling participle/misplaced modifier? • A group of words that describe a noun and is far away from the noun it is supposed to describe.

  29. Note Card #27 • What is parallel structure? • Having like grammatical parts/a repeating pattern • Example: We will go running, jumping, and swimming.

  30. Note Card #28 • What does it mean to have a “variety of sentence structures”? • Sentences that do NOT use a repetitive pattern of subject-verb, subject-verb. • Look for more complex sentences!

  31. Note Card #29 • What is narrative mode? • What is informative mode? • What is persuasive mode? • Narrative = tells a story; has a beginning, middle, and end; a sequence of events • Informative = gives information • Persuasive = attempts to persuade the reader

  32. Note Card #30 1. Who is the audience of an essay? 2. What is the purpose of an essay? • The people who are intended to read the essay. • The reason that the essay was written (to inform, entertain, etc.)

  33. Note Card #31 • How do you keep the point of view consistent in a paragraph? • Make sure each sentence is written in the same point of view (1st, 2nd, or 3rd)

  34. Note Card #32 • What is a topic sentence? • What is a conclusion sentence? • The first sentence of a body paragraph that tells what the paragraph is about. • The last sentence of a body paragraph that wraps up the paragraph.

  35. Note Card #33 • What is a thesis statement? • The last sentence of an introductory paragraph. • A thesis statement tells the reader what the entire essay is about.

  36. Note Card #34 • What should you look for in a thesis statement for an informative essay? • A list of about three ideas that will be discussed in order in the body paragraphs

  37. Note Card #35 • What should you look for in a thesis statement for a persuasive essay? • Two or three opinions to support the topic with possibly one major argument against the point • Example: While uniforms may be cost effective, they rob students of individuality.

  38. Note Card #36 • If given a thesis statement and an outline, can you find an appropriate conclusion paragraph? • Yes; look for the same points discussed in the thesis/outline, but they do not have to be in order in the conclusion. • Nothing new should be in the conclusion

  39. Note Card #37 • What should you do if given a paragraph and are asked to “improve the narrative”? • Look for • IMAGERY (sight, sound, taste, smell, touch) • COLORFUL MODIFIERS (very specific and descriptive adjectives) • VIVID ACTION VERBS (use plunge instead of jump)

  40. Note Card #38 • What does “Concise” mean? • What are some words/phrases you could eliminate to become concise? • Using a few words to replace many unnecessary ones; getting to the point • There are, clearly, on account of the fact, first ever

  41. Note Card #39 • What do you do when asked to find the comparisons in two excerpts? • What about contrasts? • Find the similarities in the two excerpts • Find the differences in the two excerpts

  42. Note Card #40 • What are some hints for commercial conclusions? • Go with a theme if present • Find a catchy conclusion with rhyme or an idiom • Act now! • Do NOT pick conclusions with negative words (not, never)

  43. Note Card #41 • What is the purpose of a headline? • What is the purpose of a billboard? • Large, bolded text placed before an article to grab the reader’s attention • Advertising that is seen at a distance and needs to be concise to be read quickly. Include only needed info

  44. Note Card #42 • What should you look for in a catalogue description? • Look for the pronoun “you” • It MUST actually describe the product

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