CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES

1. CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES • CH. 5, GPS #5 • SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution. • a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government. • b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist concerning form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.

2. c. Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise, separation of powers, limited government, and the issue of slavery. • d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights. • e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams; include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton).

3. CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES • FOUNDING FATHERS OF THE UNITED STATES • The Founding Fathers of the United States are the political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the American Revolution as leaders of the Patriots, or who participated in drafting the United States Constitution eleven years later. • 55-74 Men from 12 colonies, not all present at once at Constitutional Convention

4. CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES THE FOUNDING FATHERSTHE SIGNING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

5. THE CREATION OF THE UNITED STATESTHE FOUNDING FATHERSTHE SIGNING OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

6. CREATION OF THE UNITED STATESAFTER THE TREATY OF PARIS, 1783 • 1.FOUNDING FATHERS CREATED A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC • 2.DEFINED: GOVT BY THE PEOPLE WHERE PEOPLE CHOOSE ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES (REPS)

7. CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES • 3.1ST PLAN OF GOVT, USA • 4.ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, 1781 • 5.THE 1ST CONSTITUTION (PLAN OF GOVT) OF THE USA • 6.AUTHOR, JOHN DICKINSON

8. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1.CONFEDERATION AN ALLIANCE 2. 2 LEVELS OF GOVT SHARE POWER 1)STATE GOVT 2)NATIONAL GOVT 3.STATE GOVTS HAD MORE POWER JOHN DICKINSON CREATION OF THE UNITED STATES

9. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • 1.WHY THE A OF C? AMERICANS FEARED A POWERFUL NAT’L GOVT • 2.INDIVIDUAL STATES WERE MORE POWERFUL THAN NAT’L GOVT. • 3.RESULT: CONFLICT BETWEEN STATES

10. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: WEAKNESSES • 1.NO EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO ENFORCE LAWS • 2.NO COURTS TO INTERPRET LAWS • 3.NO POWER TO TAX FOR INCOME • 4.NO POWER TO CONTROL TRADE • 5.EACH STATE, 1 VOTE; 9 OF 13 NEEDED FOR NEW LAWS • 6.FOR AMENDMENTS (CHANGES) TO A OF C, ALL STATES NEEDED TO APPROVE

11. IMPORTANT LAWS/EVENTS DURING ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • 1.LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785, SURVEYING THE LAND • 2.NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787, DIVIDING LAND INTO TERRITORIES AND PREPS FOR NEW STATES • 3.SHAYS’S REBELLION, 1786-87

12. SHAYS’S REBELLION • 1.DANIEL SHAYS, MASSACHUSETTS FARMER • 2.ALONG WITH SHAYS, MANY FARMERS HAD DEBT AFTER AM. REV. • 3.SHAYS DEMANDED COURTS BE CLOSED SO COURTS COULD NOT TAKE FARMS. • 4.SHAYS LED FARMERS IN A MOB TO ATTACK GOVT MILITARY ARSENAL IN SPRINGFIELD, MASS. • 5.FARMERS’ PROTEST; THE MILITIA KILLED SOME FARMERS…UNREST SPREAD

14. RESULTS OF SHAYS’S REBELLION • 1.AWARENESS OF WEAK A OF C (NO POWER TO TAX TO REPAIR NATIONAL ECONOMY, ETC.) • 2.UNREST IN USA AND FEAR OF INCREASING UNREST • 3.DESIRE BY FOUNDING FATHERS TO FORM STRONGER NATIONAL GOVT • 4.1787, CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

15. IMPORTANT ISSUES OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION • 1. PLAN OF GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL LEGISLATURE (THE CONGRESS) • 2. SLAVERY • 3. GOVERNMENT DIVISIONS

16. CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT AFTER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONTHE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, PHILADELPHIA, PA, 1787 • THE GREAT COMPROMISE • 1.SETTLED ISSUE OF REPRESENTATION BY STATES IN THE NEW GOVT • 2.ROGER SHERMAN, CONNECTICUT, DEVELOPER

17. THE GREAT COMPROMISE • 1.BICAMERAL (2 CHAMBERS {PARTS}) NAT’L LEGISLATURE, THE CONGRESS • 1)HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, REPRESENTATION BASED ON POPULATION OF STATES • 2)SENATE, EQUAL REPRESENTATION FOR ALL STATES (2 FROM EACH)

18. SAXBY CHAMBLISS JOHNNY ISAKSON UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM GEORGIA

19. UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE, GEORGIA, DISTRICT 12 • JOHN BARROW

20. SLAVERY • 1.HUMAN BONDAGE, SERVITUDE • 2.DIVISIVE ISSUE IN ALL STATES • 3.SOUTHERN STATES DEPENDENT DUE TO CASH CROPS • 4.THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE, STATES COUNTED 3/5 OF STATES WHEN DETERMINING REPRESENTATION, ALSO… • 1) CONTINUANCE OF SLAVE TRADE FOR 20 YEARS • 2) NORTHERN STATES HAD TO RETURN RUNAWAY SLAVE TO OWNERS

21. GOVERNMENT DIVISIONS • 1.IDEAS OF CHARLES DE MONTESQUIEU • 2.CREATION OF LIMITED GOVERNMENT OF DIVIDED POWERS • 3.THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED TO U.S. CITIZENS BY THE USC LIMITED POWER OF GOVT.

22. DIVISION OF POWER IN THE NEW GOVERNMENT • 2 METHODSOF DIVISION OF GOVT POWER IN USA 1. NATIONAL GOVT AND STATE GOVT (DEFINED: FEDERALISM, A SHARING OF POWER) 2. 3 BRANCHES OF GOVT 1)LEGISLATIVE (MAKES LAWS) 2)EXECUTIVE (CARRIES OUT LAWS) 3)JUDICIAL (INTERPRETS LAWS)

23. GOVT. POWER SAFEGUARDS • 1. SEPARATION OF POWERS • 2. CHECKS AND BALANCES, EACH BRANCH CAN CHECK AND BALANCE THE POWER OF OTHER BRANCES. • 3. WHAT ARE EXAMPLES?

24. RESULTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION • 1. THE DRAFT OF THE USC • 2. NEXT STEP: SENT TO THE U.S. CONGRESS WHICH SENT IT TO THE STATES FOR APPROVAL • 3. RATIFICATION (APPROVAL) PROCESS

25. RATIFICATION OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION • 1. 2 MAIN GROUPS INVOLVED • 1)ANTI-FEDERALISTS (AGAINST APPROVAL) • 2)FEDERALISTS (FOR APPROVAL)

26. ANIT-FEDERALISTS OPPOSED STRONG, BALANCE CENTRAL GOVT FEARED ABUSE OF POWER BY GOVT LACKED PROTECTION FOR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS FAVORED MORE STATES’ RIGHTS FEDERALISTS FAVORED BALANCED POWER BETWEEN STATE AND NAT’L GOVT CHECKS/BALANCES AND DIV. OF POWER WOULD PROTECT CITIZENS ANTI-FEDERALIST V. FEDERALIST AND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

27. ANTI-FEDERALISTS PATRICK HENRY SAMUEL ADAMS RICHARD HENRY LEE THOMAS JEFFERSON FEDERALISTS GEORGE WASHINGTON JAMES MADISON ALEXANDER HAMILTON JOHN ADAMS JOHN JAY

29. The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Alexander Hamilton 51 articles James Madison 29 articles John Jay 5 articles THE FEDERALIST PAPERS

30. LETTERS FROM THE FEDERAL FARMER • AUTHOR, RICHARD HENRY LEE • ANTI-FEDERALIST PUBLICATION

31. THE BILL OF RIGHTS LEADS TO RATIFICATION • The Bill of Rights - First ten amendments to the U.S.Con. • introduced by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of constitutional amendments • Thomas Jefferson was the main proponent of the Bill of Rights.

32. THE BILL OF RIGHTS • 1. TO OVERCOME ANTI-FED ARGUMENT THAT THE USC FAILED TO INCLUDE A STATEMENT OF STATES’ RIGHTS AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, JAMES MADISON CREATED THE BILL OF RIGHTS. • 2. THE BILL OF RIGHTS WAS ADDED AFTER THE USC WAS RATIFIED. • 3. THE FEDERALIST PAPERS, THE BILL OF RIGHTS, AND FEDERALISTS’ EFFORTS CONVINCED VOTERS TO SUPPORT USC. • 4. AMENDMENTS 1-8, PERSONAL LIBERTIES REQUESTED BY THE STATES • 5. AMENDMENTS 9, 10, LIMITS ON POWERS OF FED GOVT • 6.NATIVE AMERICANS, SLAVES, AND WOMEN WERE NOT INCLUDED.