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Chapter 21: Genomes & Their Evolution

Chapter 21: Genomes & Their Evolution. Genomics: studying whole sets of genes Bioinformatics: application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data. Human Genome Project. Began in 1990, completed in 2003 Sequenced entire human genome 3 stages

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Chapter 21: Genomes & Their Evolution

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  1. Chapter 21: Genomes & Their Evolution

  2. Genomics: studying whole sets of genes • Bioinformatics: application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

  3. Human Genome Project • Began in 1990, completed in 2003 • Sequenced entire human genome • 3 stages • Linkage mapping: order of genetic markers (RFLPs, etc.) • Physical mapping: order of overlapping fragments (BAC, etc.) • DNA sequencing: determine nucleotide sequence

  4. Whole-Gene Shotgun Approach • Skips linkage and physical mapping • Just as accurate? Verdict still out

  5. Proteomics: studying when & where proteins are produced in an organism

  6. Systems vs. Single Gene Systems Approach: defines gene circuits and protein interaction networks -models dynamic behavior of whole biological systems -large groups of interacting genes and gene products are analyzed together -studies emergent properties -used in cancer, silicon/glass chips

  7. What did we learn about genomes?(see chart on pg. 433) Genome Size: difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Eg. Bacteria: 1-6million bp Yeast: 13 Mbp Animals: 100+Mbp Number of genes: general number Gene density: genes/length of DNA

  8. Only 1.5% of human genome actually codes for proteins • Pseudogenes: formber genes that have accumulated mutations over a long time & have become non-functional • Most is repetitive DNA: multiple copies in genome

  9. Transposable Elements • Transposable Elements: makes up about ¾ of repetitive DNA • Sometimes called “jumping genes”, but never actually leave cell’s DNA • The two come together In eukaryotes: transposons (move by DNA intermediate) or retrotransposons (move by RNA intermediate)

  10. Multigene Families • Collections of two or more identical or very similar genes • Most of genome is made up of these (not single genes)

  11. Alterations of Chromosome Structure • Duplications during meiosis • Eg. Unequal crossing over, slippage *May result in genes with related functions *Also…exons can be duplicated/deleted

  12. Comparing Genomes • More similar in gene sequence, more closely related those species are

  13. Homeoboxes • Specifies identity of specific body segments • Similar one has been found in inverts/verts • Evolved early on • Most are associated with development

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