CABLE STRUCTURES

1. CABLE STRUCTURES SUBMITTED TO: AR.KARAMJIT S.

2. CABLE SYSTEMS MAJOR SYSTEM  FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURE SYSTEMS.  Non rigid, flexible matter shaped in a certain way and secured by fixed ends, an support itself & span space. The transmit loads only through simple normal stresses; either tension or through compression. Two cables with different points of suspension tied together form a suspension system. A cable subject to external loads will deform in a way depending upon the magnitude and location of the external forces. The form acquired by the cable is called the FUNICULAR SHAPE of the cable. # Form Active Structure Systems redirect external forces by simple normal stresses : the arch by compression, the suspension cable by tension. The bearing mechanism of form active systems vests essentially on the material form.

3. # The natural stress line of the form active tension system in the funicular tension line. # Any change of loading or support conditions changes the form of the funicular curve. Form active systems because of their dependence on loading conditions are strictly governed by the natural ‘flow of forces’ and hence cannot become subject to arbitrary free form design.

4. LOADING MECHANISM : # The high tensile strength of steel, combined with the efficiency of simple tension, makes a steel cable the ideal structural element to span large distances. # Cables are flexible because o their large shall lateral dimensions in relation to their lengths. As uneven stresses true to bending are prevented by flexibility the tensile load is evenly divided among the cable strands. In order to understand the mechanism by means of which a cable supports vertical loads, one may first consider a cable suspended between two fixed points, located at the same level and carrying a single load at mid span. Under the action of the load the cable assumes a symmetrical triangular shape and half the load is carried to each support by simple tension along he two halves of the cable.

5. CABLE SAG : • The triangular shape acquired by the cable is characterized by the SAG : the vertical distance between the supports and the lowest point in the cable. Without the sag the cable cannot carry the load, since the tensile forces in if would be horizontal and horizontal forces cannot balance the vertical load. The undivided pull of the sagging cable on each support may be split into two components : • a downward force equal to half the load • a horizontal inward pull or thrust. • The thrust is inversely proportional to the sag; halving the sag doubles the thrust. This raises an interesting question of economy through.

6. OPTIMAL SAG : A large sag increases the cable length, but reduces the tensile force & allows a reduction of cross-section. A similar sag requires a larger cross-section. Hence the total volume of cable (product of cross-section & length), must be minimum for some optimal value of sag  Optimal sag equal half the span for a given horizontal distance & corresponds to a symmetrical 45o – triangle cable configuration with thrust = p/2.

7. GEOMETRIC FUNICULAR FORMS : If the load is shifted from midspan position, the cable changes shape. # If two equal loads are set on the cable in symmetrical positions the cable adapts itself by acquiring a new configuration with three straight video.

8. FUNICULAR POLYGONS : # As the number of loads increases, the funicular polygon approaches a geometrical curve – the PARABOLA large number of loads are evenly spaced horizontally. CATENARY : If the equal loads are distributed evenly along the length of the cable, rather than horizontally, the funicular curve differs from a parabola, through it has the same general configuration. It is a catenary. A cable carrying its own weight ad a loads evenly distributed horizontally, acquires a shape that is intermediate between a parabola & catenary. This is the shape of cables in the central span of suspension bridges.

10. SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:(And Corrective Measures) • Lightness of the flexible suspension cable is the demerit of the system, which can be largely eliminated through pre-stressing so that it can receive frictional forces that also may be upward directed. • Cable structures are more correctly categorize into either suspension structures or cable-stayed structured suspension structures can be typically sub-classified into : • 1. Single Curvature Structures • 2. Double Curvature Structures • Double Cable Structures

11. DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WIND ON TYPICAL FLEXIBLE ROOF STRUCTURE : • A critical problem in the design of any cable roof structure is the dynamic effect of wind, which causes an undesirable fluttering of the roof.

12. PREVENTIVE MEASURES : • There are only several fundamental ways to combat flutter. • One is to simply increase the deal load on the roof. • Another is to provide anchoring guy cables at periodic • points to tie the structure to the ground. • To use some sort of crossed cable on double-cable system. The principal methods of providing stability are the following: (i) Additional permanent load supported on, or suspended from, the roof, sufficient to neutralize the effects of asymmetrical variable actions or uplift Figure 14a). This arrangement has the drawback that it eliminates the lightweight nature of the structure, adding significant cost to the entire structure. (ii) Rigid members acting as beams, where permanent load may not be adequate to counteract uplift forces completely, but where there is sufficient flexural rigidity to deal with the net uplift forces, whilst availing of cables to help resist effects of gravity loading (Figure 14b).

15. LIMITATIONS DUE TO VIBRATIONS & CHANGING LOADS : • The limitations in the application of cables stem directly from their adaptability to changing loads : CABLES are unstable and stability is one of the basic requirements of structural systems. The trusses hanging from the cables of a suspension bridge not only support the roadway but also stiffen the cables against motions due to moving or changing loads.

16. STIFFENING TRUSSES : • Stiffening trusses are usually rigid in the direction of bridge axis, but less so in transverse directions. Modern suspension bridges are made sage against lateral wind displacements by using stiffening GUY WIRES OR STAYS which have the double role of supporting the truss & stabilizing it. A cable truss system has a triangulated structural form which increases stiffness, particularly under non-symmetric loading.

18. Double-layer prestressed cable-truss system

19. DESIGN OF SUPPORTING ELEMENTS : • In addition to actual roof cables, other structural elements egs. masts, guy cables are needed to make a building structure. The elements typically support the cable in space and provide means of transferring its vertical & horizontal thrusts to the ground. The design of these elements is as crucial as the cable design.

20. APPLICATIONS OF CABLE SYSTEMS : • The earliest use of cables in buildings dates back to A.D. 70 to roof a Roman amphitheater by a rope cable structure. Rope cables anchored to masts spanned in a radial fashion across the open structure supported a movable sunshade that could be drawn across to cover the arena. The span was 620 ft. along major axis and 513 ft. along minor axis.

21. Today the longest suspension bridge has a span of 1410 m. (4226 ft.); the longest suspension roof; the Burgo Paper Mill in Mantcia has a span of 163 m. (535 ft.). The roof was designed like a suspension bridge. The cable flexibility is not wholly advantageous as in bridge. Excessive vibrations can not be tolerated in a building. Water proofing of the roof is difficult. Most suspension roofs are therefore prestressed to reduce their flexibility & some also have concrete roofs.

22. The first modern roof was an Arena. Load bearing cables are suspended from two intersecting arches, anchored against one another. At night angles to the load bearing are secondary cables prestressed to ensure tautness even on a hot day. Corrugated sheets supported on the cable network. • Suspension roof with parallel cables anchored to reinforced conc. Structure supporting the banked seats. The horizontal reaction is absorbed by cables buried in the floor structure.

23. Raleigh Arena(span-99m) Yale University-skating rink

24. Structures using suspended cables have a functional advantage for arenas, because the shape is better suited to an array of banked seats than that of a dome. A suspension roof requires a smaller volume of air than a dome. This can produce imp. economics in air-conditioning & heating.

25. Roof over sports arena, Munich by Fvei Offo. Approximate span of the structure is 130 m. (430 ft.). The tentlike simplicity of this prestressed cable structure is deceptive. The roof-over the entire sports arena cost about $48 million. The design required a great deal of theory as well as model analysis.

26. Memorial Auditorium in Litica, New York. Span – 73 m (240 ft.). Two sets of cables, are separated by struts that cause them to act in conjunction. The amount of prestress for upper and lower cables varied. Vibrations in one set of cables are different or out of phase with the other and the opposing forces damp the vibration of the structure.

27. A double layer of cables covered with pre-cast concrete slabs. These were loaded temporarily with a large weight of building. Materials to prestress the cables, and the joints between concerete slabs were then filled with cement mortar to auction the prestress. Rainwater was pumped off the roof. • Cables can be used to increase the span of cantilevers and is particularly useful for aircraft hangars and other buildings than require large entrances as well as unobstructed interior span.

28. Cable-stiffened cantilever roof. The structure is several 100% stronger than the cantilever on its own. The cable provides the tensile component of the resistant moment, so that the cantilever becomes the compression member, and the distance between the cantilever & cable of the support provides the lever arm of the resistance moment. • Other applications of cable structures can be for exhibition pavilions, sports complexes, army shelters etc.

29. MATERIALS : • Steel, nylon ropes or plasticated cables may be used for different structures. • Steel Cables : The high tensile strength of steel combined with the efficiency of simple tension, makes a steel cable the ideal structural element to span large distances. • Nylon and plastics are suitable only for temporary structures, spanning small distances. • other structural members like masts, compression rings, arches or beams and compression struts may be of concrete or steel preferably. Struts may also be of timber. • Suspension Cables, because of their being stressed only by simple tension – with regard to weight/span are the most economical system of spanning space.

30. Because of their identity with the natural flow of forces, the form active structure system is a suitable mechanism for achieving long spans and forming large spaces. • Suspension cables are the elementary idea for any bearing mechanism and consequently the very symbol of man’s technical Seizure of space. • Before of their long span qualities, they have a particular significance for mass civilization and its demand for large scale spaces. They are potential structure forms for future building.