Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins

1. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Summary of Identified Priority Problems in the River Basins of Kazakhstan Fritz Schwaiger

2. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsProblems Grouped by Water Uses (Sectors) 136 Priority Problems Fritz Schwaiger

3. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Water Management 36 Priority Problems (26%) Fritz Schwaiger

4. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsResource or Management Problem? UN Water Stress Indicator Fresh water withdrawal versus available resources Fritz Schwaiger

5. Is 5 mm/a 643m³/c TT 5 mm/a 1,081m³/c Ir 68 mm/a 7,229m³/c UC 33 mm/a 5,723m³/c NS 4 mm/a 1,054m³/c BA 37 mm/a 5,042 m³/c SD 33 mm/a 5,723 m³/c ST 24 mm/a 5,165m³/c Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsWater Resources Distribution Fritz Schwaiger

6. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsFresh Water Withdrawals (m³/capita,a) Kazakhstan In 1999: 1275 m³/c,a In 1993: 2000 m³/c,a Source: OECD Fritz Schwaiger

7. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsWater Management Strategy • Policy paper (EU Framework Directive) • Protection of all waters (surface and groundwater) • Achieve good status for all waters (coordinate objectives) • Water management based on river basins (plan) • Combined approach: emission limits and quality standards (immission) • Get prices right (true costs, but with derogations) • Public participation Fritz Schwaiger

8. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Legislation and Institutions 12 Priority Problems (9%) Fritz Schwaiger

9. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsLegislation/Institutional Strategy • Modern water code (on its way) • Strengthen institutions (capacity & power) • Committee for Water Resources • River Basin Authorities • Nura Ishim River Basin Management (pilot) Project Fritz Schwaiger

10. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal 22 Priority Problems (16%) Fritz Schwaiger

11. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsMagnitude of the Problem 8.38 million = urban population 56% (1999) • Municipal Water Supply • 70-75% water supply connection rate • 75-80% comply with quality norms  (52-60%) • Wastewater Disposal • 60-70% Sewage collectionthereof 65-70% biol. treated  (40-50%) Fritz Schwaiger

12. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsCauses of the Problems • Deterioration of infrastructure Estimated required investments for urban water supply: $ 1.1 bln. Assets / service level service level book value 25 50 years today Fritz Schwaiger

13. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 12 Priority Problems (9%) Fritz Schwaiger

14. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsMagnitude of the Problem • 6.58 million rural population = 44% (1999) • 7845 settlements • Supply coverage reduced (1991-1999):by settlements: - 31%by population: from 45%  ~25% • Non-compliance with quality standards:30% in Almaty, 90% in Zhambyl Oblast • infection diseases increase Fritz Schwaiger

15. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsProposed Strategy • Individual solutions required: • Actual water demand? • Affordability and willingness? • Define service level • Study alternative sources available • Define least cost solution covering demand • Define owner and operator • Define tariff and subsidy regime (sustainable) Urgent investments: $ 250-400 million Fritz Schwaiger

16. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Ecology 19 Priority Problems (14%) Fritz Schwaiger

17. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsEcological Problems • Protection of environment = protection of water resources • This is a strong contribution to provision of drinking water & water for other uses (sectors) • Balance of:economical – social – ecological aspects Fritz Schwaiger

18. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Data Base and Monitoring 13 Priority Problems (10%) Fritz Schwaiger

19. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsData Base and Monitoring • A deficit for all kind of information exists • Define carefully information needs! • Define monitoring strategy and network • Data collection and analysis • Reports: information, not only data • River Basin Authorities to be in charge plus a central data base Fritz Schwaiger

20. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Industrial Water Supply and Pollution Reduction 8 Priority Problems (6%) Fritz Schwaiger

21. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsProposed Strategy for Industries • Clean-up of hot spots • E.g. Nura river, UK groundwater pollution • Regulatory approach • Operational issues (water code & decrees) • Develop branch specific effluent standards • Develop realistic strategic action plan with transition periods (to achieve good status  not to kill viable industry) • Access to financing (e.g. eco fund) Fritz Schwaiger

22. Republic of KazakhstanPriority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Agricultural Water Supply 6 Priority Problems (4%) Fritz Schwaiger

23. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsAgricultural Water Supply • Irrigated land reduced to 1/3 since 1993 • Rehabilitate schemes which have: • Identified owner/ operator • Amelioration associations (1000 – 5000ha) • Low pumping heads • Marketable irrigated products • Rehabilitation cost approx. < 1000 $/ha Estimated investments required in sector: $ 600 mln. Fritz Schwaiger

24. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsOther Priority Problems • (3) Education and training of water professionals • (3) Hydropower, Dam Safety and Flood Protection • (1) Professional Fisheries • (1) Inland Navigation; Shulba Fritz Schwaiger

25. Priority Issues in 7 Major River BasinsThe main challenges • Water management problem • legislation, institutional reforms • Urban water supply infrastructure – in critical condition $ 1,100 Mln. • Rural water supply – only ¼ coverage left $ 250-400 Mln. • Industry: main polluter • Clean-up actions and regulatory actions • Agricultural water supply $ 600 Mln. Fritz Schwaiger