US HISTORYYYYYYY

1. US HISTORYYYYYYY I hope it makes sense...if not you have some major issues to deal with.

2. 1. Native Americans • Over 15 million in North America before Columbus. • Culture, religion and economy heavily influenced by natural environment • Economies based on agriculture, hunting, fishing and trade. • Iroquois Confederacy was the most powerful of the eastern Indian nations. They held European settlers and armies in check for almost 200 years.

3. Native Americans • Measles, smallpox and other diseases from Europe caused massive deadly plagues among all indigenous Americans. Some tribes may have had more than 90% mortality. • Land control was the central conflict between the indigenous and the European settlers/colonists.

4. Three major conquests of Indian Territory in the East: • Powhatan Wars (1620s) destroyed indigenous civilization in the Virginia/Chesapeake Bay area • King Philip’s War (1670s) wiped out the tribes in New England • The American Revolutionary War (1770s) conquered the Iroquois Nations (Upstate NY).

5. Europeans • St. Augustine, Florida (Spanish) 1565 • Jamestown, Virginia 1607 • Georgia was the 13th colony in 1732 • Most were English or northern European, such as: Irish, Scotts, Germans, Swedes, Dutch, Swiss, … plus some Portuguese, Spanish, French and free blacks. • Many were indentured servants.

6. Why they came • religious charters: Mass. = Puritans, Penn. = Quakers, Maryland = Catholics • religious freedom: Rhode Island • economics: Virginia = tobacco, New Netherlands = trade, Georgia = debtors and prisoners • Political asylum: Monarchs often persecuted their opponents, especially over religious conflicts

7. Patterns of Development • New England: Early life was influenced by “puritanical” governments that enforced strict religious codes. Diverse economy with much farming, fishing, shipbuilding and trade. • Middle Colonies: (NY, PA, MD) More ethnically diverse with large corn and grain exports. • Southern Colonies: Plantation-based economy producing tobacco, cotton, indigo and rice for export, and dependent on African slaves for their wealth.

8. THE AFRICANS • The Portuguese and Spanish began the Atlantic slave trade. The English controlled it in the 1700s. • The slaves were brought from Africa to the Americas on the “middle passage,” a part of England’s “triangular trade” route. • Virginia first brought slaves to do the difficult work of the tobacco plantations. • Slaves were sometimes the majority in Southern counties • Slaves were less common in the northern colonies. • Slave revolts were common. Sabotage was common and resistance was sometimes part of slave culture.

9. What led to the American War for Independence? A. Historical influences on the ideas of early American leaders: 1. Ancient Greece The city-state of Athens had direct democracy: all eligible citizens participated in the government. 2. Ancient Rome Rome was a republic: voters elected representatives who speak and act on behalf of other citizens.

10. 3. Important events and documents in English history. • Magna Carta (1215 A.D.) • Limited the power of the monarchy over noblemen. Introduced the idea of trial by jury. • Petition of Right (1618 A.D.) • Put into law certain rights such as habeas corpus: prevents people from being imprisoned without trial. • The English Bill of Rights (1689 A.D.) • After a long war between the monarchy and the Parliament, it was agreed that representative government (Parliament) and the “rule of law” outweighed the power of the monarchy.

11. B. Current Thought (1700s) or “The Enlightenment” • 1. John Locke • All humans have natural rights or inalienable rights (life, liberty and property) • the purpose of government is to protect these rights • promoted the idea of a social contract: citizens should submit to a government that protects their natural rights and should overthrow a government that does not.

12. 2. Rousseau • French philosopher who also described the idea of “social contract.” • 3. Montesquieu • He believed that power in gov’ts should be divided into branches to prevent governments from limiting natural rights. Ex.: English Monarchs must answer to parliament.

13. 4. Voltaire • Called for……an end to religious intolerance…a separation of church and state…freedom of expression

14. C. Experiences in Self-Government • 1. salutary neglect • British gov’t mostly allowed the colonies to self-govern as long as it did no interfere with the British economy (mercantilism) • 2. Mayflower Compact • Made all adult males citizens in Pilgrim communities • 3. Town Meetings • direct democracy: all present at the meeting could discuss and vote on gov’t decisions • common in New England (NH, MA, CT, RI) • 4. House of Burgesses • created to help plantation owners prevent unrest and rebellion by the landless in Virginia • representative democracy (for land-owning white males) • In some states, up to 90% of white men were eligible to vote in colonial elections.

15. D. Current Events in the 1700s 1. Increasing population of non-British lessened loyalty to a country that few knew. 2. The Great Awakening was a religious movement that encouraged people to treat each other as equals and to question authority. • 3. French and Indian War (7 Years War) • French lost all their North American territories • Native Americans lost French protection • Colonials lost respect for the British military • British are in great debt after paying for the war

16. 4. Albany Plan of Union (1754) • Colonists (under the leadership of Ben Franklin) considered uniting one gov’t under British rule as a better way to manage relations with Britain. This caused many to consider independence under one gov’t.

17. 5. New Taxes on the colonies to pay for the war angered colonists. • Sugar Act (1764) • Stamp Act (1765) tax on all printed matter. • Quartering Act: Colonial towns and individual colonists were expected to provide housing and food to British soldiers on demand. • 6. Resentment towards new taxes led to boycotts of British goods which led to the Townshend Acts (taxes on most imported goods) which were meant to collectively punish the colonies

18. 7. Proclamation of 1763 • Outlawed all settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Why? • to appease angry and still powerful Indian tribes west of the Appalachians • Britain could not afford to protect settlers from Indian warriors

19. 8. Rise of radical groups calling for independence • Sons of Liberty • Committees of Correspondence • many protested to the slogan: “No taxation without representation!” • started collecting arm and ammunition

20. 9. Tea Act resulted in the “Boston Tea Party.” Britain’s response to the dumping of tea was the closing of the port of Boston, prohibition of all town meetings, and a military occupation of Boston

21. 10.  In April, 1775, at Lexington, Massachusetts, ”the shot heard ’round the world” was fired between British soldiers and colonial Minutemen; the first battle of the American Revolution.

22. 11. In January 1776, Thomas Paine published ”Common Sense,” a pamphlet urging colonists to stand up for independence.

23. 12. On July 4, 1776, delegates at the Second Continental Congress formally approved the Declaration of Independence, more than a year after the first battles of the war.

24. 13. British General Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia, after being surrounded and trapped by American troops and the French navy. In 1783 England recognized the United States of America as an independent country in the Treaty of Paris.

25. Effects of The American Revolution • Each state creates its own democratic form of government. • Other movements for political liberties (France) and independence (Latin America) are encouraged around the world. • The Iroquois nation is destroyed (Sullivan’s Campaign) • In America, women begin to question their role in politics. • Britain recognizes the United States as an independent nation. • Those who oppose slavery are encouraged by the ideas of the revolution.

26. Articles of Confederation • The Articles were in effect from 1781 (two years before the end of the war) through 1789 (two years after the Constitution was written.) • The Articles’ plan of government reflected the revolutionary’s fear of a strong central government. • The Articles plan of government protected the powers of individual states. • The Articles of Confederation resembled a treaty among states, rather than a plan of government for a single nation.

27. The Articles’ Achievements • successfully negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the Revolutionary War and set the U.S. border at the Mississippi River • created laws for accepting new states and governing the new western territories.

28. State Governments • State gov’ts were the dominant or most powerful form of government during and immediately after the Revolutionary War. • 11 of 13 states created new constitutions (plans of gov’t) after July 4, 1776. • All gov’ts were based on republican principles (representative democracy) • Most power was in the state legislatures–not with governors • Many states expanded suffrage (voting rights) to landless white men. A few African-Americans and Native Americans gained voting privileges. • Churches were disestablished. Many state governments stopped supporting religions with mandatory taxes.

29. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation • Decisions in the unicameral congress (single chamber/house law-making branch of government) were based on one vote per state regardless of size. Large states argued that this was not true representative democracy. • Congress could not collect taxes. It had to ask states for money to build infrastructure or to raise an army. • There was no power to regulate trade between states and trade with other nations. Merchants and governments questioned if states could tax each other’s products. • There was no national court system. Who could mediate disputes between states? If an individual had a dispute with a state, who could resolve the dispute? • Amendments or changes to the articles could only be passed with 100% approval of the states. • New laws needed a 9/13 majority to pass. • The purpose–or vision–of the Articles of Confederation was not clear. Were the Articles supposed to create a national government or were they an alliance/treaty of states?

30. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 • 55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island • All were wealthy lawyers, planters (plantation owners), and merchants • All were white men • George Washington was the president of the convention • The original purpose of the convention was to amend the Articles of Confederation.

31. Proposals for a New Government: • Virginia Plan: • Bicameral legislature: law-making houses based on size • Legislature could tax and regulate interstate and foreign trade • Legislature could veto any state law • Included executive and judicial branches • New Jersey Plan: • Unicameral legislature (one house) with equal representation for each state • Power to tax and regulate trade • Included executive and judicial branches

32. The Controversies… • representation: • Should large states have more say in the legislature? • slaves: • Should slaves be counted as part of a state’s population size? • Should they be counted for tax purposes? • Could congress outlaw slavery? • commerce: • How can the national gov’t regulate and tax trade?

33. The Great Compromise (The Connecticut Plan): • representation: • Bicameral legislature1. House: based on population2. Senate: two votes per state • slaves: • Three-fifths compromise1. 3/5ths of all slaves would count for taxes and representation in congress2. import of slaves ends in 1807 • commerce: • Commerce Compromise1. National government could regulate interstate trade2. Only imports could be taxed… not exports.

34. Ratification… • 9 of 13 states had to approve in special state conventions • Federalists were supporters of the new constitution. They favored a strong national government. They published the “Federalist Papers:” newspaper articles supporting the constitution. • Anti-federalists opposed the constitution because they feared a strong government would restrict their rights. Their leader was Thomas Jefferson. They called for a “Bill of Rights” to protect individual liberties.

35. The New Nation First Presidencies

36. A. Hamilton, as Secretary of the Treasury, proposed an ambitious and controversial financial plan to create a stable economy. It had 4 parts: • Assumption of Revolutionary War debts owed by the states. • Creation of a National Bank to lend money to businesses, manage tax revenues and borrow money for the gov’t. • An excise tax on whiskey • tariffs to raise gov’t revenues and to protect new American industries

37. B. During Washington’s first term, the Bill of Rights were added as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. C. The Whiskey Rebellion. President Washington raised an army and went to western Pennsylvania to stop a tax rebellion. This demonstrated that the executive branch intended to enforce laws.

38. D. Foreign Relations.Before 1812, Washington, Adams and Jefferson struggled to avoid war with England and France who both sought to pull the U.S. into their conflicts and to assert U.S. sovereignty. • President Washington issued a “Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)” to state the U.S. did not intend to interfere with the politics of other nations. He also warned against meddling in the affairs of other nations in his famous Farewell Address (1796.) • All three presidents negotiated treaties with Britain, France and Spain to prevent war. • The U.S. army and navy were extremely small and underfunded. • The army fought the “Indian Wars” from 1790 –1795 in order to wipe out natives in the area that is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. • The Navy and Marines fought pirates that were based out of the city-state of Tripoli (N. Africa). • An undeclared naval war was fought with France to stop them from seizing American ships. • British vessels regularly stopped American merchant ships and impressed American sailors into the British navy.

39. The Alien and Sedition Acts • They were a collection of laws passed during a tense period of time between the U.S. and France (during its revolution.) • Federalists and President John Adams were alarmed at the excessive violence of the French revolutionaries  and claimed there was a connection between the French Radicals (Jacobins) and Jefferson’s Anti-federalists (Jeffersonian Republicans.) • The laws were meant to silence and weaken the Jeffersonian Republicans. • Any immigrant who was considered a threat to security could be imprisoned and deported. • Any citizen who criticized the government could be jailed or fined, including the most vocal opponent of the President: Vice-President Jefferson. • The Supreme Court had not yet established its right to judicial review and so they could not strike the law down as a violation of the 1st Amendment. • These very unpopular acts helped to cause Adams to lose the next presidential election to Thomas Jefferson, who let the laws expire.

40. The War of 1812 Why did we declare war on Britain? (1) Maritime Rights: The British were impressing thousands of American sailors onto their ships. This prevented safe passage to Europe for traders. “War Hawks” in Congress and President James Madison wanted… (2) Manifest Destiny: …the U.S. to capture British Canada, Spanish Florida (3) (National Sovereignty: …to assert American control over the Northwest Territories where the natives and the British still held power.

41. During the war… • American forces were badly defeated attempting to invade Canada. • The U.S. lost control of parts of the N.W. Territories to the British and the Indian nations. • American merchant ships mounted guns, and became privateers. • For every British ship sunk, over 20 American ships were lost. • The Hartford Convention was held by the New England States to consider leaving the union in protest over the war. • Washington D.C was burned and looted. • BUT, the British suffered a massive naval defeat at Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) when they attempted to continue their conquest of the states. • AND, Americans won many naval victories in the Great Lakes.

42. Results of the war: • National boundaries mostly returned to their pre-war lines • European nations respected American sovereignty. • American manufacturing began to grow. • Andrew Jackson captured New Orleans and became a national hero. • American nationalism grew as citizens began to see themselves as “American.”

43. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Called for: • An end to European colonization in the Americas • No intervention by Europe in existing nations in this hemisphere • A declaration that European interference was “dangerous to our peace and safety.” • A promise of noninterference by the United States in European affairs and with Europe’s remaining colonies.

44. Why? • President James Monroe issued this doctrine policy or official foreign policy because of: • Politics: Spain’s colonies had recently declared independence (often inspired and supported by the U.S.) • Military Security: U.S. could better defend its borders if there were fewer European powers/militaries in the Americas. • Economics: Latin America was a growing market for US products and Monroe wanted to keep other nations from interfering with our trade.

45. Results: • England agreed to help enforce the Doctrine because: • they still had colonies in the Americas and didn’t want European competition • diplomats had negotiated with England before the Doctrine was announced. • their powerful navy could enforce it, unlike the US • Became the foundation of U.S. foreign policy in North and South America. • U.S. merchants now had a large, protected market for their goods.

46. JACKSON ERA

47. Andrew Jackson… • …was the 1st president born west of the Appalachians and was not part of the “eastern establishment.” • His style, ideas, and motivations more closely resembled those of average Americans than previous well-educated, well-connected, and wealthy presidents. • …was the 1st president elected by landless citizens (mass politics) • Many states had granted suffrage to all law-abiding, white men. This often made their opinions more important than those of the rich (land-owning) and powerful. • …was the 1st president selected to run by a political party convention • Before, political party leaders selected candidates.

48. The Jackson Presidency: 1. Spoils System: Fired over 2,000 federal employees and replaced them with those who helped him win the election 2. Conflicts with Congress: Vetoed more acts of Congress than all previous presidents combined. 3. Suspicious of Big Business: Closed the Bank of the United States 4. The Enforcer: When South Carolinarefused to collect a new tariff, Jackson sent in federal troops to collect the tax. 5. Indian Hater: Despite adopting an Indian boy as his only child, he ordered the removal of over 100,000 Indians west of the Mississippi resulting in severe suffering, impoverishment and death (example: Trail of Tears: over 4,000 dead in a few months.)

49. LEADING TO CONFLICT The Crisis of a Nation

50. What caused the Civil War? • As the North became diversified, populous and industrialized, the South remained rural and dependent on slavery and a plantation economy. • As new states joined the union, the debate over abolition deeply divided the slave states from the free states. • While the moral arguments against slavery increased and as the North’s economy and population continued to grow, the Southern States worried about losing power in Congress. • Finally, when a president was elected from an anti-slavery party the Southern states seceded from the union.