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Universidade Atlântica - Portugal

Universidade Atlântica - Portugal. WP 10 Comparative policy analysis. Report: Main Topics. Comparative Analysis.

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Universidade Atlântica - Portugal

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  1. Universidade Atlântica - Portugal WP 10 Comparative policy analysis UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  2. Report: Main Topics Comparative Analysis Water renewable and withdrawal (trends)Socioeconomic indicators and water resources Population and water scarcityWater scarcity and sustainable developmentComparative water policies UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  3. National Water Indicators Water Policies Analysis UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  4. Comparative Complex Water Resources Indicators: National Level UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  5. Comparative Water Resources Indicators • HDI – Human development Index • WPI– Water Poverty Index • Resources Index • Access to safe drinking water Index • Capacity Index • Use of Water Index • Environmental Index • WSI- Water Stress Index • SWSI- Social Water Stress Index UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  6. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Human Development Index • Components of HDI • life expectancy • educational attainment • income • The HDI sets shows where each country stands in relation to these scales – expressed as a value between 0 and 1 • The scores for the three dimensions are then averaged in an overall index • It is here taken as the best available approach to the adaptive capacity of a society facing scarcity of water • The HDI facilitates the determination of priorities for policy intervention and the evaluation of progress over time UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Source: UN Human Development Report

  7. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Human Development Index UN World Development Report UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  8. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Human Development Index - 2000 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Source: World Development Report (UNDP), 2000

  9. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Poverty Index (Lawrence, et al 2002) • Combiningwater scarcity issues and socio-economic aspects • 5 aspects considered: • Resources, Access, Use, Capacity and Environment The idea of WPI is to combine measures of water availability and access with measures of people’s capacity to access water Ex: People can be ‘water poor’ in the sense of not having sufficient water for their basic needs because it is not available People can also be “water poor” because they are “income poor”; although water is available UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  10. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Poverty Index UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  11. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Poverty Index - Conceptual Framework The basic calculation, of a 5 components, is based on the following formula: x i – x min / x max – x min where xi , xmax and xmin are the original values for country i, the highest value country, and the lowest value country respectively. The indices therefore show a country’s relative position and for any one indicator this lies between 0 and 1. Within each of the five components, sub-component indices are 5 averaged to get the component index. Each of the five component indices is multiplied by 20 and then added together to get the final index score for the WPI, which is in the range 0 to 100. Water Poverty Index [Resources] + [Access]+ [Use] + [Capacity] + [Environment] UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  12. Comparative Water Resources Indicators National Values for the Water Poverty Index 71. Egypt 78. Turkey 86. Lebanon 107. Tunisia 118. Jordan UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  13. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Poverty Index 5 components (with ranks) UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  14. Water Poverty Index Resources Index - 2000 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; Gleick, 2000

  15. Water Poverty Index Access to Water - 2000 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000

  16. Water Poverty Index Capacity – 2000/01 Sources: GDP - HDR 2001; Under-5 mortality - World Resources Institute, 2000; Education - HDR 2001 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  17. Water Poverty Index Use – 2000/01 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Sources: Gleick, 2000; World Resources Institute, 2000; World Bank, 2001

  18. Water Poverty Index Environment - 2001 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Sources: World Economic Forum, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy, 2001

  19. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Poverty Index – 2000/01 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  20. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Stress Index (Falkenmark) Water availability per person, calculated as an average according both temporal and spatial scale and thereby omits water shortages in dry seasons or in certain regions within special characteristics It is the number of hundreds of people who has to share 1 000 000 m³ annually available renewable water UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  21. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Stress Index (Falkenmark, 1989) Originally, the indicator based on the estimation that a flow unit of 1,000,000 m³ of water can support 2,000 people in a society with a high level of development. Water availability of more than 1,700m³/capita/year is defined as the threshold above which water shortage occurs only irregularly or locally. Below this level, water scarcity arises in different levels of severity. It does not take the water quality into account at all or does it give information about a country’s ability to use the resources. Even if a country has sufficient water according to the WSI, these water resources possibly cannot be used because of pollution or insufficient access to them. UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  22. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Water Stress Index - 2000 Unit - Hundreds of persons per flow unit. (One flow unit is one million m³ of renewable water) Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000; World Development Report (UNDP), 2000 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  23. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Social Water Stress Index (Ohlsson, Leif 1999) Social Water Stress Indexrepresents a society’s social adaptive capacity in facing the challenges of physical water scarcity Dividing the Water Stress Index by the Human Development Index for each country A higher value indicates a greater degree of social water stress UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  24. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Social Water Stress Index Unit - hundreds of persons per flow unit; divided by HDI Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000; World Development Report (UNDP), 2000 UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  25. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Correlation Matrix - world countries UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  26. Comparative Water Resources Indicators Correlation Matrix - SMART countries UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  27. Water Policies Analysis UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  28. Objectives Comparative Analysis To compare water policies and practices between five countries (case studies)Typifying each case study departing from a common list of indicatorsCompare the policies adopted by each case study region with EU-WFD Description of the main causes and effects of water scarcity UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  29. Water Policies Analysis Key Institutional Framework Egypt: There is a shortage of institutional capabilities for monitoring and land use changes. The main characteristics of water regulations are set by Law 4/1994. This law deals with marine pollution in general and land based sources which require treatment before disposal. It sets limits on possible discharge in the marine environment. Lebanon: In general, water related legislation is out of date. Legislation concerned with land use and specific sectoral water management is lacking, as are laws concerned with the preservation and protection of natural resources and pollution control. Institutional capabilities for monitoring and implementing laws are poor. UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  30. Water Policies Analysis Key Institutional Framework Jordan: The establishment of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority will probably increase tourist activity and therefore water demand. No more data available about water legal framework Tunisia: Since the beginning of the 60’s, a vast program to access alternative water sources, or non conventional water, has been applied. No more data available about water legal framework Turkey : There are serious institutional, legal, social and economic drawbacks, which enhance water allocation and environmental pollution problems. There are constraints to achieving basin management objectives. Institutional evolution is slow in comparison to rapid evolution in water management problems. Legislation used in current management practices is too old and can not meet current demands. UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  31. Water Policies Analysis Water Price Egypt: Legislation doesn’t establish water price for irrigation as yet Lebanon: Legislation that regulates water prices is out of date Jordan:The main legislation on water price was established in 1997 and updated in 2003, the price of water is regulated for all uses UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  32. Water Policies Analysis Water Price Tunisia: Water cost is calculated by consumption ranges. This system is implemented Nationally. Water cost is proportional to the specific use and the different set quantities used every term. Unique prices are set for tourism and agriculture. Turkey: There is no specific regulation to determine the price of surface water or groundwater. If consumers use water for irrigation from the water distribution systems installed by government, they pay for water considering the cost of the maintenance and operation of the system. Domestic and industrial water prices are determined by local municipalities if the consumers use the public water distribution systems. UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  33. Water Policies Analysis Water Rights and Water Allocation Egypt: Traditional water rights for irrigation are ensured by law. Lebanon: Legislation affecting water rights does not take a global or environmental approach. Jordan: There is a lack of legislation concerning water rights. Domestic use is given priority to followed by tourism and industry. The remaining water is allocated to agriculture. UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  34. Water Policies Analysis Water Rights and Water Allocation Tunisia: There are no groups that are given priority. Water demand is satisfied in every case. Turkey: The law that governs surface water use rights in Turkey foresees that water is a public good which everyone is entitled to use, subject to the rights of prior users. There is no registration system for surface water rights or water use. Each landowner has the right to use groundwater on the condition that it is used for meeting personal needs and after getting permission from DSI. UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  35. Water Policies Analysis Water Quality Egypt: In general, legislation for water quality is weak. There are requirements for the treatment of land based pollution sources before disposal and limits on possible discharge in the marine environment. Lebanon: Quality standards and controls are lacking as part of an integrated overall watershed approach. Jordan: Existing regulation about water quality is very restricted Tunisia: Work in progress to identify water quality standards Turkey: There is a surplus of regulations concerning water quality UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  36. Water Policies Analysis Comparative Analysis Problems related to international comparative analysis • differences in implementation policies • goal differences • differences in steering systems • At the theoretical point of view, the international scale of analysis is more difficult to obtain the optimal preconditions for comparative analysis UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

  37. WP 10 - Comparative Policy Analysis Detailed task UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

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