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Resources. Chapter Presentation. Visual Concepts. Transparencies. Standardized Test Prep. Section 1 Discovery of DNA. Chapter 10. Objectives. Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation.

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  1. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

  2. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Objectives • Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation. • Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria. • Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses. At The Bell: Tell me one thing that you know about DNA (How it is passed from generation to generation, its structure, etc.)

  3. What is the genetic material? • Scientists wanted to determine what the hereditary material is. • Scientists thought it could be either DNA, protein, or RNA. • By completing experiments, scientists finally determined DNA to be the hereditary material.

  4. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Griffith’s Experiments • Showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another. • Injected different strains of pneumonia into mice. • The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism is calledtransformation.

  5. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

  6. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Transformation Video Clip

  7. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Avery’s Experiments • Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary material that transfers information between bacterial cells. • Avery destroyed RNA, DNA, and proteins in 3 separate experiments. • Cells with missing RNA and protein transformed the cells, killing the mice. • Cells with missing DNA could not be transformed, and mice lived.

  8. Avery’s Experiment

  9. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Hershey-Chase Experiment • Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material. • Used Bacteriophages to determine that DNA enters the bacterial cells and not the protein.

  10. Chapter 10 The Hershey-Chase Experiment Section 1 Discovery of DNA

  11. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Hershey and Chase’s Experiments Video Clip

  12. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Objectives • Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure. • Describe the three parts of a nucleotide. • Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA. • Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA. At the Bell: Who discovered that DNA and not protein is the hereditary material by using bacteriophages? Explain the experiment.

  13. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix • Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

  14. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Structure • DNA is made of two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix.

  15. Technical Description of DNA

  16. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Components • Nucleotides are made of: • 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base

  17. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Structure of a Nucleotide

  18. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides • Bonds Hold DNA Together • Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds. • Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.

  19. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Complementary Bases • There are Four different nitrogenous bases: Adenine Cytosine Thymine Guanine • Adenine and Thymine always pair up. • Cytosine and Guanine always pair up. • Hydrogen bonding holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.

  20. Purines and Pyrimidines

  21. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Complementary Base Pairing

  22. DNA practice problems Given the following DNA sequence, determine the corresponding DNA strand… 1) A T C C G A 4) G C T A G A 2) T C C A G T 5) T A G C C T 3) A C G A T C 6) A G T A G C

  23. Cool DNA Info. DNA Trivia

  24. Practice Problems in Text Book • Page 195, problems 1 and 2 • Page 199, Problems 2, 3, 5, and 9

  25. At the bell:April 7 • What model reflects DNA replication? Objectives: • DNA activity sheet

  26. At The Bell:April 6 What are the four different types of nitrogenous bases? Which ones pair together? Talk for two minutes to your friends about your vacation.

  27. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Objectives • Summarize the process of DNA replication. • Identifythe role of enzymes in the replication of DNA. • Describehow complementary base pairing guides DNA replication. • Comparethe number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication. • Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

  28. Replication • DNA has to copy itself… Remember how long DNA is in one cell?

  29. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs • DNA replicationis the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides. • When does this happen?

  30. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs • Steps of DNA Replication 1. Replication begins with the separation of the DNA strands by helicases. 2. Then, DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands.

  31. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Replication

  32. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Replication Replication Video Cool 3-D Video

  33. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs semi-conservative replication • Each new DNA molecule is made of one old strand and one new strand.

  34. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

  35. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication • Changes in DNA are calledmutations. • DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.

  36. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication • DNA Replication and Cancer • Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

  37. Small Quiz on Friday!!

  38. At the Bell:Wednesday, April 7 • What enzyme is used to add nucleotides onto the old strand of DNA?

  39. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Objectives • Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein. • Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. • Describethe importance of the genetic code. • Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA in translation. • Identifythe importance of learning about the human genome.

  40. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Flow of Genetic Information • The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as… DNA RNA protein

  41. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function • RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose • uracil in place of thymine. • RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.

  42. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Comparing DNA and RNA

  43. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function • Types of RNA • Three major types: • messenger RNA(mRNA) • ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • transfer RNA (tRNA)

  44. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function • mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol. • rRNA is the major component of ribosomes. • tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides.

  45. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Types of RNA

  46. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription • During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

  47. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription

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