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CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 9 . PERSONALITY DISORDERS. FEATURES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS. Early onset Evident at least since late adolescence Stability No significant period when not evident Pervasive Evident across a wide range of personal, social, and occupational situations

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CHAPTER 9

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  1. CHAPTER 9 PERSONALITY DISORDERS

  2. FEATURES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS • Early onset • Evident at least since late adolescence • Stability • No significant period when not evident • Pervasive • Evident across a wide range of personal, social, and occupational situations • Clinically significant maladaption • Personal distress or impairment in social and occupational functioning

  3. CLASSIFYING PERSONALITY DISORDERS • Personality disorders are long-standing, maladaptive, inflexible ways of relating to the environment. • Diagnosed on AXIS-II of the DSM-IV. • Three categories: • Odd or eccentric behavior • Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior • Anxious or fearful behavior

  4. FREQUENCY OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS

  5. ODD OR ECCENTRIC BEHAVIOR • Paranoid personality disorder • Suspicious or mistrusting of others • Hypersensitive • Schizoid personality disorder • Withdrawn and reclusive • Not interested in relationships with other • Schizotypal personality disorder • Odd ways of thinking, perceiving, communicating, and behaving • May be a weak form of schizophrenia

  6. DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL, OR ERRATIC BEHAVIOR • Histrionic Personality Disorder • Self-centered and manipulative • Have stormy relationships • Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Extreme sense of self-importance, yet with fragileself-esteem • Need for constant attention, lack of empathy for others • Borderline Personality Disorder • Threaten and engage in self-destructive behavior • Impulsive • Unstable relationships, dependency on and manipulation of others • Antisocial Personality Disorder • Chronic behavior that violates others’ rights and which began before the age of 15 • Likely to be reckless and sexually promiscuous • Lack of remorse for hurting others

  7. CAUSES OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER • Disturbed early relationship with parent • Some have been physically or sexually abused • Genetic vulnerability • Splitting - Failure to integrate positive and negative experiences that occur between individual and other people

  8. TREATMENT OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER • Identify its most distinctive features • Psychodynamic therapy • Cognitive therapy • Behavior therapy • Biological – Medication • Combination of approaches is most effective • Long-term prognosis is poor, though some improve • Risk for alcoholism • High suicide risk – 8 to 10% commit suicide; far more attempt suicide.

  9. SELF-DESTRUCTIVE ACTS DESCRIBED BY PEOPLE WITH BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

  10. DISTINGUISHING BORDELINE PERSONALITY DISORDER FROM OTHER GROUPS

  11. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTISOCIAL SUBJECTS

  12. CAUSES OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER • Family history – Heredity • Childhood history of conduct disorder • Neurochemistry- Low levels of serotonin • Brain activity – Low arousal levels • Low anxiety levels • Deficit in moral development

  13. TREATMENT OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER • Traditional psychotherapy not effective • Highly structured, residential treatment, especially in correctional settings, is effective. • Structured community alternatives to prison have some effect. • Prognosis is poor.

  14. ANXIOUS OR FEARFUL BEHAVIOR • Avoidant Personality Disorder • Low-self esteem • Worry about negative evaluation by others, but desire affection and relationships • Avoid social interaction • Dependent Personality Disorder • Lack confidence in ability to function independently • Subordinate their needs to wishes of others to maintain relationship • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder • Extreme perfectionism • Rigid approach to doing things • Lack of ability to express warm emotions

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