PLUNGING FORWARD INTO THE WILDERNESS James R Jacobs, THE BEGINNING OF THE U.S. ARMY 1783-1812

1. PLUNGING FORWARD INTO THE WILDERNESSJames R Jacobs, THE BEGINNING OF THE U.S. ARMY 1783-1812 Northwest Ordinance 1787

3. Into the Wilderness • I. Settlement of Marietta / Campus Martius • II. Little Turtle’s War / Cincinnati • III. Ohio Statehood / a parcel of banditti

4. US Army established Henry Knox • Continental Army militia • Hostile to standing armies • Money • To protect frontier from Indians small regular troops authorized in 1784

5. The Indians being the prior occupants, possess the right of the soil. It cannot be taken from them unless by their free consent, or by the right of conquest in case of a just war. To dispossess them on any other principle, would be a gross violation of the fundamental laws of nature, and of that distributive justice which is the glory of a nation.

6. Society of the Cincinnati - May 1783 The Society is named after Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, who left his farm to accept a term as Roman Consul and then served as Magister Populi (with temporary powers similar to that of a modern era dictator), thereby assuming lawful dictatorial control of Rome to meet a war emergency. When the battle was won, he returned power to the Senate and went back to plowing his fields. The Society's motto reflects that ethic of selfless service: Omnia relinquitservarerepublicam ("He relinquished everything to save the Republic"). The Society has from the beginning had three objectives, referred to as the "Immutable Principles": "To preserve the rights so dearly won; to promote the continuing union of the states; and to assist members in need, their widows, and their orphans.“ Arthur St Clair and David Ziegler

7. As the settlements of the whites shall approach near to the Indian boundaries established by treaties, the game will be diminished, and the lands being valuable to the Indians only as hunting grounds, they will be willing to sell further tracts for small considerations. By the expiration, therefore, of the above period, it is most probable that the Indians will, by the invariable operation of the cause s which have hitherto existed in their intercourse with the whites, be reduced to a very small number . . . . Federal Policy, Knox

8. Fort Harmar - 1785

9. Josiah Harmar In 1784, General Josiah Harmar was sent to the Ohio frontier by the Continental Congress to help protect the settlers who were being harassed by the Native Americans. In 1785, he had his troops build Fort Harmar, a pentagon-shaped federal fort on the Ohio and Muskingum Rivers. They were charged with keeping squatters from occupying land north and west of the Ohio River as agreed to in a previous treaty with the local Native American Indians.

11. One of the most significant achievements of the Congress of the Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 put the world on notice not only that the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi would be settled but that it would eventually become part of the United States. Until then this area had been temporarily forbidden to development. Increasing numbers of settlers, land speculators & filibusters were attracted to western lands, such as the Free Republic of Franklin and “parcels of banditti.” This pressure including the demand from the Ohio Land Company, soon to obtain vast holdings in the Northwest, prompted the Congress to pass this Ordinance, admitting new states, rather than expanding existing states. The area opened up by the Ordinance was based on lines originally laid out in 1784 by Thomas Jefferson in his Report of Government for Western Lands. Above all, the Northwest Ordinance accelerated the westward expansion of the United States.

12. Northwest Ordinance1787

13. Ohio Company The Ohio Company of Associates, also known as the Ohio Company, was a land company which is today credited with becoming the first non-American Indian group to settle in the present-day state of Ohio. It was formed on March 1, 1786, by General Rufus Putnam, Benjamin Tupper, Samuel Holden Parsons and Manasseh Cutler, who had met in Boston, Massachusetts to discuss the settlement of the territory around the Ohio River.

14. Manasseh Cutler Cutler was sent to New York to negotiate with the Congress of the Confederation to help the company secure a claim on the portion of land they were interested in. While there, Cutler aligned himself with William Duer, secretary of the U.S. Treasury Board. Duer and his associates formed a steadfast group of New York speculators determined for the settlement of the area west of the Appalachians. At this time, Congress desperately needed revenue. It was the economic strain and the pressure from Duer and Cutler that helped them to secure the incorporation in the Northwest Ordinance, for the government of the Northwest Territory of the paragraphs which prohibited slavery and provided for public education and for the support of the ministry.

15. What Knox wrote: • But if it should be decided, on an abstract view of the question, to be just, to remove by force the Wabash Indians from the territory they occupy, the finances of the United States would not at present admit of the operation.

16. Rufus Putnam Putnam led a group of Revolutionary veterans to settle the land in 1788. These American Pioneers to the Northwest Territory arrived at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, on April 7, 1788, and established Marietta, Ohio as the first permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory. Putnam went on to serve as a Supreme Court judge for the Northwest Territory.

17. Ohio Land Grants

18. Marietta VIDEO BREAK

19. John Cleves Symmes, a New Jersey Congressman, created a company with several of his friends to buy land between the Great Miami and Little Miami Rivers. This land came to be known as the SymmesPurchase, also the Miami Purchase. In 1788, Symmes and his associates requested land from Congress, purchasing about 330,000 acres. They paid about sixty-seven cents per acre. They were required to follow the same basic rules as the Ohio Company of Associates. Land had to be set aside for a school, for religion, and for the government's use. In addition, a large piece of land was also to be set aside for a university. Symmes ignored this requirement. A few German men, Major Benjamin Steitz, Matthias Denmann, Israel Ludlow and Robert Patterson arrived in Ohio as the first German settlers in the area. In 1787, US Geographer Thomas Hutchins had ordered Ludlow to report to judge John Cleves Symmes to survey Symmes’ land. In 1788, Ludlow traveled to the Northwest Territory to survey the Symmes Purchase. Ludlow was their first surveyor and was the surveyor who laid out the east-west base line for this survey. He located this base line at a point six miles north of the southern-most point in the Symmes Purchase. On December 28, 1788, a second group of men landed and founded this new town. This new town would be called Losantiville: a composite of words meaning “city across from the mouth of the Licking River.” The “L” was for the Licking River, “os” was Latin for its mouth, “anti” was Greek for opposite, and “ville” was French for city.

20. Arthur St. Clair Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed governor of the Northwest Territory by vote of Congress on October 5, 1787; he filled the office until November 22, 1802. When St. Clair arrived at Losantiville [Cincinnati] the settlement consisted of two small hewed log houses and several cabins. Maj. Doughty, under orders from Gen. Josiah Harmar, was engaged with a small military force in finishing the construction of Fort Washington. The population of the rude village, exclusive of the military, probably did not exceed one hundred and fifty. Three days after Gen. Harmar took up his quarters at Fort Washington, on January 1, 1790, Governor St. Clair was received with due ceremony by the troops and citizens of Losantiville..

21. Fort Washington

22. Fort Washington In 1789, Fort Washington was built to protect early settlements located in the Northwest Territory. The fort was located within modern-day downtown Cincinnati, Ohio and used to protect settlers of that city in its early years. Gen. Josiah Harmar described it as "one of the most solid substantial wooden fortresses. . .of any in the Western Territory." The stockade's walls were two stories high with blockhouses located at each corner. The fort was named in honor of President George Washington.

23. Knox, June 15, 1789 By the best and latest information, it appears that, on the Wabash and its communications, there are from 1500 to 2000 warriors. An expedition against them, with the view of extirpating them, or destroying their towns, could not be undertaken with a probability of success, with less than an army of 2,500 men. The regular troops of the United States on the frontiers, are less than six hundred; of that number, not more than four hundred could be collected from the posts for the purpose of the expedition. To raise, pay, feed, arm, and equip 1900 additional men, with their necessary officers for six months, and to provide every thing in the hospital and quartermaster's line, would require the sum of 200,000 dollars; a sum far exceeding the ability of the United States to advance, consistently with a due regard to other indispensable objects.

24. Into the wilderness In 1790, Harmar was sent on expeditions against Native Americans and remaining British in the Northwest Territory. After a few initial military successes, his force of Federal troops was defeated by a tribal coalition led by Little Turtle, in an engagement known as the "Harmar's defeat", "Battle of the Maumee", Battle of Kekionga", or "Battle of the Miami Towns".

25. The most important Indian center in the great Northwest Territory was Keki on ga, where Fort Wayne now stands. It had a most commanding location where the St. Joseph and the St. Marys rivers unite to form the Maumee. Here the Indians of many tribes were wont to gather and the earliest white traders established trading posts with the Indians. Kekionga was a Miami Indian name but had in its make-up contributions from both the Ottawa and Delaware Indian languages. Maumee is but a variation of the name Miami. Formerly it was called the Miami of the Lakes. Because two other rivers in Ohio were already called Miami, the name was somewhat changed. This indicates the predominance of the Miami Indians at Kekionga for generations. To them it was the glorious gateway to the west and commanded many trade routes. From it Indian trails led off in all directions to other Indian centers. Two of these trails were important portages the over which trade was carried from the three rivers at Kekionga to other rivers. The best known of these was the portage from Kekionga southwest to Little River where there was a continuous water route down the Wabash to the Ohio, the Mississippi and the Mississippi Valley. Next in importance was the Eel River portage, which led northwest to the headwaters of Eel River, or to where navigation on that river was possible. Because Eel River, the Kenapocomoco, furnished a trade route to the west, because its forests abounded in fur-bearing animals and because on that river lived the greatest of all Indian chiefs, the Eel River trail and portage were known to all the Indians and to the traders and travelers at Kekionga. This trail was all the more important because it was also the trail to important places farther on, the Miami settlements on the St. Joseph River in Michigan and the settlement where Chicago now stands.

26. Harmar’s defeat With the creation of the Northwest Territory in 1787 Americans divided the land north of the Ohio River for settlement. Violence escalated and Native Americans formed the Western Confederacy with the goal of keeping the Ohio River as a boundary between Indian lands and the United States. Little Turtle emerged as one of the leaders of this confederacy, which included Shawnees under Blue Jacket and Delawares under Buckongahelas. The war which followed has no generally accepted name, but was once known as "Little Turtle's War". Little Turtle

27. Battle of the Pumpkin Fields With high casualties from skirmishes, General Harmar determined that he could no longer mount an offensive. The approaching winter further threatened his command, as militia deserted and horses starved. The force reached Fort Washington 3 November 1790. It was the worst defeat of the U.S. forces by Native Americans until that time, and would only be surpassed by St. Clair's Defeat and the Battle of the Little Bighorn. The defeat established Little Turtle as a war hero, and encouraged the Indians in the Northwest Territory to resist the United States.

28. In 1791, St. Clair succeeded Harmar as the senior general of the United States Army. He personally led a punitive expedition comprising of two Regular Army regiments and some militia. This force advanced to the location of Indian settlements on the Wabash River, but on November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle, Shawnee chief Blue Jacket and Simon Girty. More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle, called St. Clair's Defeat, the "Columbia Massacre," or the "Battle of the Wabash". It was the greatest defeat of the American army by Native Americans in history with some 623 American soldiers killed in action as opposed to about 50 enemy dead. After this debacle, he resigned from the army at the request of President Washington, but continued to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory.

29. Ludlow Station In Northside just east of Hamilton, where Israel Ludlow had built his blockhouse. St. Clair’s first stop on his campaign.

30. Cumminsville The courses through Cumminsville of the two early military roads, which have become historic and form the bases of travel and traffic routes of the present day, are of interest. One, the most westerly of three well-defined trails, was traversed by St. Claris army when it left Ludlow's Station on its way to the ill-fated field of the east branch of the Wabash (1791). The expedition moved along the hills to the west of Millcreek Valley almost exactly on what was afterward made into the "Mount Pleasant and Hamilton Turnpike." and where are now a large part of Cumminsville, College Hill, and the village of Mount Healthy, thence to the Miami River, where St. Clair built Fort Hamilton. The portion of this road passing through Cumminsville will at once be recognized as the present Hamilton Avenue. This road is frequently referred to in local history as "St. Clair's Trace" or "St. Clair's Trail." The second road, and the one of greatest importance in the growth of the town, was that taken by "Mad Anthony" Wayne in 1793. It followed the general course of an old trace running along the MillCreek Valley, which had but recently (1792) opened as the "great road" from Cincinnati to White's Station (now Carthage). This was later known as the "Carthage Road." and occupied almost identically the course of the present Spring Grove Avenue. This is frequently alluded to as "Wayne's Trace" or "Wayne's Trail."

31. Fort Hamilton • Fort Hamilton was established in September 1791 by General Arthur St. Clair at the start of his campaign agains hostile Indian tribes during the Northwest Territory Indian War. The post was located on the east bank of the Miami River in the present day town of Hamilton, Ohio and was one of a line of forts established to protect supply and communications lines.

32. Road-building slowed the advance of St. Clair's poorly equipped, inexperienced and untrained army of about 2,300 men. It took three days to cut an 18-mile road through the wilderness from Ludlow Station to Fort Hamilton. After leaving the fort Oct. 4, 1791, the army moved only about 80 miles in 30 days. The forest, according to a captain, included "white oaks from four to six feet through and from 50 to 70 or 80 feet high" and "white ash from two to four feet through and very tall." Other obstacles included thick underbrush, swampy low land and many streams and ravines. In Butler County, the army's 1791 route followed present Dixie Highway (Ohio 4) north to about the site of Symmes Road in Fairfield. The 1791 course continued northwest to the site of Fort Hamilton (around present High Street and Monument Avenue) on the east bank of the Great Miami River. In 1791, after crossing the river, St. Clair's troops followed a route west along present Main Street (Ohio 177 and Ohio 129), then north on what became Eaton Avenue and Eaton Road, proceeding west of present Seven Mile, Collinsville and Somerville.

33. St. Clair’s Opponents

34. I am induced to give my sentiments thus freely on the advantages to be expected from this plan of Colonization, because it would connect our Governments with the frontiers, extend our Settlements progressively, and plant a brave, a hardy and respectable Race of People, as our advanced Post, who would be always ready and willing (in case of hostility) to combat the Savages, and check their incursions. A Settlement formed by such Men would give security to our frontiers, the very name of it would awe the Indians, and more than probably prevent the murder of many innocent families, which frequently, in their usual mode of extending our Settlements and Encroachments on the hunting grounds of the Natives, fall the hapless Victims to savage barbarity. Besides the emoluments which might be derived from the Peltry Trade at our Factories, if such should be established; the appearance of so formidable a Settlement in the vicinity of their Towns (to say nothing of the barrier it would form against our other Neighbours) would be the most likely means to enable us to purchase upon equitable terms of the Aborigines their right of preoccupancy; and to induce them to relinquish our Territories, and to remove into the illimitable regions of the West. Washington to Congress, June 17, 1783.

35. Army strategy In an article for the American Enterprise Institute, “Toward A Global Cavalry,” Thomas Donnelly argues the U.S. Military today is “Like the cavalry of the Old West….” He says, “the realignment of our network of overseas bases into a system of frontier stockades is necessary to win a long-term struggle against an amorphous enemy across the arc of instability.”

36. Sister in law, Lisa at McWhorter cabinJackson’s Mill, WV

37. Peter Waggoner &Tecumseh

38. Legionville In October 1792, General Anthony Wayne scoured the Ohio River for a suitable place to winter and train the army and get them away from the distractions of the city. Twenty-Two miles from Pittsburgh on the western bank of the Ohio and near the modern town of Baden, Pennsylvania, Wayne founded the first formal United States military basic training facility. . • Comnr Cornplanter: stay south & east of Ohio River.

39. Mad Anthony

40. Wayne's new army, the Legion of the United States, marched north from Fort Washington in 1793, building a line of forts along the way. Wayne commanded more than 4,600 men, with some Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians serving as scouts. Fort Recovery was built on the 1791 site where General Arthur St. Clair suffered a major defeat. On July 29, 1794, led again by Little Turtle, Blue Jacket and Simon Girty, Indians launched a night attack against Fort Recovery. The attack was repulsed by the American soldiers with twenty two soldiers lost in the battle. The Indians losses were forty dead and twenty wounded. This defeat discouraged the Indian tribes and led to a split in their confederation and a leadership change with Little Turtle seeing the futility of their efforts against a well trained and supported force. Blue Jacket took up the lead. Fort Recovery

42. Battle of Fallen Timbers Blue Jacket's army took a defensive stand along the Maumee River in present-day Maumee, and not far from Toledo, where a stand of trees ("fallen timbers") had been blown down by a tornado. They reckoned the trees gave them cover and hindered the advance of the army. Nearby was Fort Miami, a British outpost where the Indian confederacy received provisions. The Indian army, about 1,500 strong, consisted of Blue Jacket's Shawnees and Buckongahelas'sDelawares, Miamis, Wyandots, Ojibwas, Ottawas, Potawatomis, Mingos, and some Canadian militia. They were routed.

43. On August 3, 1795, a treaty at Fort Greenville (Greenville, Ohio) was signed between general Anthony Wayne and several Indian tribes led by Little Turtle. Under this new treaty, the United States received about two-thirds of present-day Ohio.A boundary line was established to mark this new territory. Beginning at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River on Lake Erie, it ran up the river to the portage with Tuscarawas River and down the Tuscarawas River, to a crossing about one mile above Fort Laurens. From this crossing, the line ran southwesterly to Fort Loramie, then northwesterly to Fort Recovery, then in another southwesterly direction to the Ohio River, across from the mouth of the Kentucky River.In January 1797, General Rufus Putnam, the first surveyor general, hired Isreal Ludlow to survey this new boundary line. On July 9, Ludlow began surveying the boundary line from the crossing north of Fort Laurens to Fort Loramie. On August 3, 1799, Ludlow began surveying the boundary from Fort Loramie to Fort Recovery. A few days later, on August 8, Ludlow began surveying the boundary from Fort Recovery to the Ohio River, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River.

45. Little Turtle at Greenville The prints of my ancestors' houses are everywhere to be seen in this region. It is well known to all my brothers present that my forefathers kindled the first fire at Detroit; from thence he extended his line to the headwaters of the Scioto; from thence to its mouth; from thence down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash and from thence to Lake Michigan. I have now informed you of the boundaries of the Miami nation where the Great Spirit placed my forefathers a long time ago and charged him not to sell or part with his lands but to preserve them to his posterity. This charge has now been handed down to me.

46. STATEHOOD

47. As an organic act, the ordinance created a civil government in the territory under the direct jurisdiction of the Congress. The ordinance was thus the prototype for the subsequent organic acts that created organized territories during the westward expansion of the United States. It specifically provided for the appointment by Congress of a Territorial Governor with a three-year term, a Territorial Secretary with a four-year term, and three Judges, with no set limit to their term. As soon as there was a population of 5,000 "free male inhabitants of full age", they could form a general assembly for a legislature. In 1789, the U.S. Congress made minor changes, such that the President, with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate, had the power to appoint and remove the Governor and officers of the territory instead of Congress. The Territorial Secretary was authorized to act for the Governor, if he died, was absent, was removed, or resigned from office. Northwest Ordinance 1787

48. EDWARD TIFFIN The state of Ohio was organized in 1803 after a bitter struggle between the party of Arthur St. Clair, territorial governor, and the "Chillicothe Junto," which favored immediate statehood for the section east of the mouth of the Great Miami River. The leader of the latter group was Edward Tiffin, who was elected the first governor of the new state. He was elected governor almost without opposition in 1803 and again in 1805. During his second term he received a commendatory letter from President Jefferson for his efficiency in foiling Aaron Burr's expedition.

49. The Burr conspiracy early in the 19th century was a suspected treasonous cabal of planters, politicians, and army officers led by former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr and Gen. James Wilkinson. According to accusations against him, Burr’s goal was to create an independent nation in the center of North America and/or the Southwest and parts of Mexico.

50. On February 19, 1803, President Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution. However, Congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, with Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803. At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to Washington, D.C. on horseback. On August 7, 1953 (the year of Ohio's 150th anniversary), President Eisenhower signed an act that officially declared March 1, 1803 the date of Ohio's admittance into the Union. Statehood