THE CELL AND ITS HISTORY!

1. THE CELL AND ITS HISTORY!

2. Anthony von Leeuwenhoek 1683

3. Robert Hooke Late 1600's

4. It was not until the early 1800s that the cellular nature of biological materials began to receive attention. In 1824, Henry Dutrochet (doo-troh- shay proposed that all living things were composed of cells. However, the actual nature of living cells was still not known.

5. Robert Brown 1831 DISCOVERED THE NUCLEUS IN THE PLANT CELL

7. Joannes Purkinje 1838 Said that PROTOPLASM Is the jelly like material That fills the cell

8. Rudolph Virchow CELL THEORY

9. CELL THEORY • All organisms are made up of one or more cells. • All cells carry on life activities. • New cells arise only from other living cells.

10. Max Schultze (1825-1874) A German cytologist, enunciated the protoplasmic theory and stated that the jellylike protoplasm was similar in plant and animal cells (1861). He concluded that “the cell is an accumulation of living substance or protoplasm definitely limited in space and possessing a cell membrane and nucleus.”

11. AMOEBAS PARAMECIUM ONE CELLED ORGANISMS Felix Dujardin 1861

12. THIS IS NOT THE END… IT IS THE BEGINNING!

13. V I R U S

15. UNICELLUAR HAVING ONLY ONE CELL MULTICELLULAR HAVING 2 OR MORE CELLS

16. PLANT CELL IT IS EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL IT IS EUKARYOTIC

17. BACTERIA TUTORIAL ON PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES AND VIRUSES (CLICK ANY PICTURE) ANIMAL

18. ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

19. CYTOPLASM Cyclosis – streaming motion of cytoplasm Cytoplasm – liquid part of the cell---it has degrees of viscosity – thickness Cytoplasm – contains all of the organelles + nucleus

20. RIBOSOMES Granular type organelles found freely floating in the cytoplasm Granular type organelle also found on the surface of another type organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum This organelle makes proteins; the making of proteins is called protein synthesis Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes

21. endoplasmic reticulum HIGHWAY OF THE CELL There are two types of ER A. Smooth ER – this type of ER does NOT contain any ribosomes It is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, Along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. • Rough ER – this ER contains the ribosomes and it is involved in the synthesis of proteins. Newly made proteins leave these ribosomes and are inserted into the rough ER, where they may be chemically modified.

22. GOLGI APPARATUS FACTORY OF THE CELL PROTEINS MADE IN THE ROUGH ER MOVEN INTO THE GOLGI BODIES. THE FUNCTION OF THE GOLGI BODIES IS TO MODIFY, SORT AND PACKAGE PROTEINS AND OTHER MATERIALS COMING FROM THE ER FOR STORAGE IN THE CELL OR SECRETION OUTSIDE THE CELL. GOLGI APPARATUS IS REFERRED TO AS THE FACTORY. FROM THE GOLGI APPARATUS, PROTEINS ARE THEN “SHIPPED” OUT TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATIONS THROUGHOUT THE CELL OR OUTSIDE THE CELL.

23. LYSOSOMES SUICIDE BAGS GARBAGE DESTROYERS TAKES CARE OF THE GARBAGE! NICKNAMED THE SUICIDE BAGS THEY CONTAIN HYDROLYZING ENZYMES THEY DIGEST PARTICLES OR CELLS TAKEN INTO THE CELL BY PHAGOCYTOSIS THEY DIGEST OLD ORGANELLES THEY DIGEST THE TADPOLE’S TAIL

24. VACUOLES VACUOLES ARE FOUND IN PLANT CELLS AND IN SOME ANIMAL CELLS THEY CAN SECRETE, EXCRETE OR STORE

25. MITOCHONDRIA POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL ----These are organelles that convert the chemical E in foods into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. ----The folded membrane inside the mitochondria is called the CRISTAE ----Mitochondria contains its own genetic information in the form of a small] DNA molecule. ----Mitochondria had a prokaryotic ancestor – this ancestor had the ability to use Oxygen to generate ATP (stored E). These prokaryotes evolved into Mitochondria ---Mitochondria, according to Lynn Margulis, suggests that the prokaryotic ancestor of Mitochondria evolved a symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotes. ----Thus, mitochondria took up residence in the eukaryotic cell. ----This idea is called the endosymbiotic theory

26. chloroplasts Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis All green parts of a plant have chloroplasts; however, the majority of photosynthesis occurs in the leaves It also has its own DNA – genetic material Endosymbiotic Theory by Lynn Margulis

27. THE NUCLEUS

28. Flip flop theory Explains how water goes in and out THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE FLUID MOSAIC THEORY - explain how food And gases enter and leave the cell

29. AREA OF GREATER CONCENTRATION AREA OF LESSER CONCENTRATION DIFFUSION – TO GO FROM AN AREA OF GREATER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LESSER CONCENTRATION

30. OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF WATER MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF GREATER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LESSER CONCENTRATION

31. urine blood THIS IS AN AREA HOLDING BLOOD & OTHER MOLECULES IN BLOOD PLASMA, AND AN AREA WHERE URINE IS COLLECTED. THESE 2 AREAS ARE SEPARATED BY A SEMI - PERMEABLE MEMBRANE SIMILAR TO THE MEMBRANE AND SEPARATION THAT OCCURS IN YOUR KIDNEYS. THE FILE ABOVE IS JUST AN ANIMATED GIF FILE

33. Low to high Active transport explains what happens when the cell uses ENERGY To transport something across the cell membrane

34. endocytosis PINOCYTOSIS IS THE INGESTION OF DISSOLVED MATERIALS BY ENDOCYTOSIS. THE PLASMA MEMBRANE INDENTS IN AND PINCHES OFF PLACING DROPLETS OF FLUID IN A PINOCYTIC VESICLE. THE LIQUID CONTENTS OF THE VESICLE ARE THEN SLOWLY TRANSFERRED INTO THE CYTOPLASM

35. exocytosis EXOCYTOSIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH AN INTRACELLULAR VESICLE MOVES TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND SUBSEQUENT FUSION OF THE VESICLES MEMBRANE AND THE CELL MEMBRANE OCCURS…

36. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION