Underlying Reasons for Source - Target Domain Pairings in Conceptual Metaphor Theory

1. Underlying Reasons for Source - Target Domain Pairings in Conceptual Metaphor Theory Kathleen Ahrens Hong Kong Baptist University

2. Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:Conceptual metaphors are embedded in our language • More abstract concepts are understood in terms of more concrete concepts

3. Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:Conceptual metaphors are embedded in our language • More abstract concepts are understood in terms of more concrete concepts • Source domain – concrete concepts Source

4. Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:Conceptual metaphors are embedded in our language • More abstract concepts are understood in terms of more concrete concepts • Source domain – concrete concepts • Target domain – abstract concepts Target Source

5. Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:Conceptual metaphors are embedded in our language • More abstract concepts are understood in terms of more concrete concepts • Source domain – concrete concepts • Target domain – abstract concepts • Systematic correspondences between source and target domain Target Source

6. Question • Is there psycholinguistic evidence for this model?

7. Conceptual Mapping Model • Analyze the conventional metaphorical expressions in terms of entities, qualities and functions that are mapped. • Postulate an underlying reason for this mapping - a Mapping Principle (MP) • Can be incorporated within the CTM • Allows for testable predictions

8. Method Step 1: Generate on the basis of native speaker intuition all examples within a proposed target domain Step 2: Group the examples according to the similarity of their source domains.

9. Method Step 3: Ask three questions concerning what we know about each source domain in terms of our real world knowledge 1. What entities does the SD have? 2. What qualities does the SD or the entity in the SD have? 3a. What does the SD do? 3b. What can S/O do to or in the SD?

10. Method Step 4: Look at the linguistic expressions generated and determine if they are conventional or novel Step 5: Analyze the examples for linguistic expressions that are the image-schematic correspondences between the source and target domains

11. Method • Step 5 1. What entities does the SD have that are mapped to the TD? 2. What qualities does the SD or the entity in the SD have that are mapped to the TD? 3a. What does the SD do that is mapped to the TD? 3b. What can S/O do to (or in) the SD that is mapped to the TD?

12. Method • Step 6: Look for what correspondences have been mapped in the case of the conceptual metaphor as compared with what could have been mapped (i.e. in the case of real world knowledge). • Formulate a mapping principle

13. IDEA IS A FOOD Example of entity: 這 場 演說 沒 什麼 料 zhe chang yianshuo mei sheme liao this CL talk no what ingredient ‘There is no substance to this talk.’

14. IDEA IS A FOOD Example of quality: 他 是 個 飽讀詩書 的 人 ta shi ge baodushishu de ren he is a fully read books de person ‘He is a learned person.’

15. IDEA IS A FOOD Example of function: 讀 一 本 書 要 消化 裡面 的 想法 ， 不要 du yi ben shu yao xiaohua limian de xiangfa, buyao read one CL book need digest inside MOD thought don't 囫圇吞棗 huluntunzao swallow dates whole ‘When you read a book, you have to digest the thought in it. Don't read without comprehension.'

16. IDEA IS FOOD • 倒胃口 ‘Spoil appetite’ • 品嚐 ‘taste’ • 餿主意 ‘rotten idea’ • 回味無窮 ‘aftertaste’ • 津津有味 ‘with appetite and relish’ • 索然無味 ‘no flavor’ • 反芻 ‘ruminate’ • 消化 ‘digest’ • 吸收 ‘ to absorb’ • 飽讀詩書 ‘fully read’ • 咬文嚼字 ‘bite and chew’ • 咀嚼 ‘chew’

17. IDEA IS FOOD • Mapping principle: Idea is understood as food because food involves being eaten and digested (by the body) and ideas involve being taken in and processed (by the mind).

18. LOVE IS FOOD Example of entity 他 嚐到愛情的苦果 ta changdao aiqing de ku guo he taste love MOD bitter fruit ‘He has tasted the bitter fruit of love.’

19. LOVE IS FOOD Example of quality: 我 正 享 受 我倆 甜美的 愛情。 Wo zheng xiangsho woliang tianmeide aiqing I now enjoy our sweet love “I am enjoying the sweet fruit of our love.”

20. LOVE IS FOOD Example of function: 他 嚐 過 愛情 的 滋味。 ta changkuo aiqing de ziwei he taste love MOD taste “He has tasted the flavor of love.”

21. More examples: 甜蜜 ‘sweet’ 甜美的 ‘sweet’ 嚐過 ‘taste’ 膩‘fed up with’ LOVE IS FOOD 滋味 ‘taste’ 味道 ‘taste’ 苦頭 ‘bitter fruit’ 苦果 ‘bitter fruit’ 酸甜苦辣‘sour, sweet, bitter and spicy’

22. LOVE IS FOOD • Mapping Principle: Love is understood as Food because food has different tastes and love involves different feelings.

23. Source Domain of FOOD • SDs can contribute different aspects to the TD IDEA IS FOOD LOVE IS FOOD SEX IS FOOD • Or similar aspects: LOVE IS FOOD Note: Narrow SDs MARRIAGE IS FOOD

24. Target Domains • Mapping principle constraint: A single target domain must select different source domains for different underlying reasons • LOVE IS FOOD • LOVE IS A PLANT

25. LOVE IS A Plant Example of entity: 兩人的愛苗最近才剛萌芽 liang ren de aimiao zuijin cai gang mengya two people MOD love seedling lately just recently sprout ‘Their love just begins to sprout lately.’

26. LOVE IS A Plant Example of quality: 他倆的愛情已經開花結果 ta liang de aiqing yijin kaihuajieguo he two MOD love already blossom and bear fruit ‘Their love have yielded positive results’

27. LOVE IS A Plant Example of function: 我對他的愛意漸漸滋長 wo dui tade aiyi jianjian zizhang I for his love gradually grow ‘My love for him has grown gradually.’

28. LOVE IS A Plant More examples: 愛苗 ‘love seedling’ 苦果 ‘bitter fruit’ 開花結果 ‘have blossom and bear fruit’ 萌芽 ‘sprout’ 滋長 ‘grow’ 灌溉 ‘watering’

29. LOVE IS A Plant • Mapping Principle • Love is understood as plant because plants involve physical growth and love involves positive emotional expansion.

30. Prediction: Processing • Conventional conceptual metaphors will be treated on par with literal language • Novel metaphors that follow the mapping principle will involve lower acceptability and interpretability ratings and slightly higher processing times • Novel metaphors that do not follow the mapping principle will involve even lower acceptability and interpretability ratings and even higher processing times

31. Design • (Lit (CM)) Literal match to conventional metaphor • (CM) Conventional metaphor • (Lit (NM)) Literal match to novel metaphor following the mapping principle • (NM) Novel metaphor following the mapping principle • (Lit (NM (~MP))) Literal match to novel metaphor not following the mapping principle • (NM (~MP)) Novel metaphor not following the mapping principle

32. Material Pretest: Category test • All the metaphorical terms (such as mengya‘sprout’, zhagen‘root’ and luoye‘fall (leaves)’) had to be considered as being in the source domain (in this case PLANT) by a group of native speakers • Items were only included in the interpretability experiment (132 subjects) that both 1) had a mean over all subjects of 4.9 or above on the ratings test and 2) a mean of .7 or above for the yes/no test

33. Mapping Principles • Mapping principle is determined by five linguists trained in the CM Model and checked by a group of linguists from the Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group

34. Conventional Conceptual Metaphors (Lit (CM))她的 植物 開始 萌芽 tade zhiwu kaishi mengya she Mod plant start sprout Her plant is starting to sprout (CM) 她的 愛情 開始 萌芽 tade aiqing kaishi mengya she Mod love start sprout Her love is starting to sprout

35. Novel Metaphor following MPs (Lit (NM))她的 植物 開始 扎根 ta de zhiwu kaishi zhagen she Mod plant start rooting Her plant is starting to root (NM)她 的 愛情 開始 扎根 ta de aiqing kaishi zhagen she Mod love start rooting Her love is starting to root

36. Novel Metaphors NOT following MPs (Lit-(NM (~MP)))她的 植物 開始 落葉 tade zhiwu kaish luoye she Mod plant start fall leaves Her plant is starting to fall leaves. (NM (~MP))她 的 愛情 開始 落葉 ta de aiqing kaishi luoye she Mod love start fall leaves Her love is starting to fall leaves

37. Materials: Frequency Control • Groups (Lit (CM), CM) (i.e. mengya‘sprout’), (Lit (NM), NM) (i.e. zhagen‘root’), and (Lit (NM (~MP), NM (~MP)) (i.e luoye‘fall (leaves)’) did not differ in terms of frequency of lexical items • The means of the groups 11767 are 11667, and 9996 with an SD of 9354, 8936, 6276 respectively; F(2,47)=.231, p = .795) (Based on CKIP 1993)

38. Predictions – CM Model • Literal sentences should be equally good • Conventional conceptual metaphor (CM) should be ranked equally with the literal sentences • Novel metaphors should both be ranked lower than their literal counterparts • Gradation in the ranking of the metaphorical sentences such that (CM) > (NM) >(NM (~MP))

39. Procedure • 18 metaphors with 6 types of sentences each were divided into six booklets with 18 examples each using a counter-balanced design • Subjects only see one booklet and were instructed to rate the sentences according their level of interpretability

40. Interpretability Procedure • 每個句子下面有一個1-7的尺規。第七級表示一看立刻就懂他的意義，第一級表示對於這個句子想了很久，還是不懂他的意義，而介於中間者，則視程度高低在第二級到第六級之間做選擇 • ‘…[rate a seven] if you immediately understand its meaning, and rate a one if you think about the sentence for a long time and can still not understand it…’ • Subjects are asked to interpret those sentences that were given a rating of four and above

41. Interpretability results Conventional Novel Novel (~MP)

42. Interpretability results Conventional Novel Novel (~MP)

43. Prediction • Novel metaphors that follow the MP are more likely to invoke the conceptual mapping correspondences than conventional metaphors or NM(~MP) • Novel metaphors that follow the MP will be paraphrased more often with reference to the same TD

44. Type 0 1 2 CM 73% 7% 20% NM 62% 6% 32% NM (~MP) 71% 12% 17% Results "0" : Literal paraphrase "1" : Paraphrase with other SD "2" : Paraphrase with the exact tested SD

45. Results

46. Discussion • The three groups differed significantly in their distributions with NM showing the highest number of paraphrases from same SD • Implication: Novel metaphors following MPs tap into system of correspondences

47. Implications • System of correspondences might be measurably activated for novel metaphors that follow MPs • Conventional conceptual metaphors might be lexicalized to such an extent they no longer activate conceptual mappings on-line • Novel metaphors (~MP) cannot activate systematic correspondences – other processes might be used to comprehend these types of metaphors

48. Acceptability and Interpretability Results • Should the results for acceptability and interpretability differ? • Yes, under a view that treats grammaticality and interpretation as distinct modules. • No, under a view that the critical issue is the MPs. Both acceptability and interpretability judgments will rely on the MPs.

49. Conceptual Mapping Model:Conventional metaphors LOVE Plant seed love Love sprout watering love grow love Blossom & fruit love Mapping principles Underlying set of systematic mappings 她的愛情 開始萌芽 Her love is starting to sprout

50. Conceptual Mapping Model:novel metaphors LOVE Plant seed love Love sprout root love grow love Blossom & fruit love Mapping Principles 她的愛情 開始扎根 Her love is starting to root