Impact of world war II on Women & minorities

1. Impact of world war II on Women & minorities

2. the united states

3. Immigrants & migration • Millions of Italian Americans and German Americans supported the war program • Patriotism speeded assimilation of many ethnic groups • Italian and German Americans faced some job discrimination and social prejudice • War industries drew Americans into boom towns like Los Angeles, Detroit, Seattle, and Baton Rouge

5. Japanese Americans • Issei- first generation – those born in Japan but now living in the U.S. • Nisei- second generation– the American born (CITIZENS!!!!) children of Japanese immigrants • Brought underlying racism to the surface through harassment, prejudice, and eventual stripping of their rights as citizens • Feared they were being used as spies

6. Executive Order 9066(February 19, 1942) • Forcibly placed Japanese Americans living on the West Coast in concentration camps • Disrupted the lives of 112,000 Americans • 2/3 of those in camps were American citizens (nissei) • Deprived citizens of their rights • Cost hundreds of millions in lost property and earnings • Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) • Upheld the constitutionality of the internment camps • Civil Liberties Act of 1988 • Paid surviving internees $20,000 each as a symbolic reparation for their hardship

7. Ansel Adams photos of life in internment camps

11. Dorothea Lange internment photos These photos are taken at the San Bruno, California Camp and Manzanar

15. Toyo miyatake • Acclaimed Japanese American photographer • Evacuated to Manzanar Internment Camp • Only documentation of daily camp life by an internee Video Link http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/02/17/466453528/photos-three-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment

16. Women in the armed forces • 216,000 enlisted for non-combat duties • WAC’s – Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps • WAVES– Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (Navy) • SPARS– U.S. Coast Guard • WASPS– Women’s Airforce Service Pilots • More than 1000 served • First women to fly military aircraft • Did not receive full military status until 1977

18. Rosie the riveter • Most iconic image of the war • Aimed at recruiting female workers for the munitions industry • http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/ask-history-rosie-the-riveter?cmpid=mrss_int_taboola_video_his

19. National Rosie the riveter day March 21, 2017 National Rosie the Riveter Day Effort to raise awareness of women’s efforts in WWII

20. Women in industry • 6 million women entered the workforce • Government established 3000 daycare centers to care for “Rosie’s” children • Producing planes and munitions, working in shipyards, and producing other equipment vital to the war effort

22. Impact of war on women • 2/3 of working women left at war’s end • Many continued to work foreshadowing the revolution of women’s roles in American society • Widespread rush into suburban domesticity and the mothering of the “baby boomers” who were born in the tens of millions from 1945-1960

23. African Americans • 1.6 million blacks fled the South • Race relations became a national issue • A. Philip Randolph (head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) threatened a massive “Negro March on Washington” in 1941 to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and the armed forces • Roosevelt’s response – Executive Order forbidding discrimination in defense industries • Fair Employment Practice Committee was created to monitor compliance • NAACP membership shot up to half a million • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in 1942

24. African Americans in military service • Blacks drafted into armed forces • Service branches rather than combat units • Faced degradation in housing, service, and even segregated blood banks • Rallied behind “Double V”- victory abroad and over racism at home • NAACP membership shot up to half a million • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in 1942

25. Tuskegee airmen • All African-American pursuit squadron based in Tuskegee, Alabama in 1941 • Army Air Corps program to train African Americans to fly and maintain combat aircraft • Included 996 pilots, navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, instructors, and more than 15,000 personnel who kept the planes and pilots in the air • The Tuskegee Institute became the center for African-American aviation during WWII. • Their exemplary service opened the door for the racial integration of the military services

26. Native Americans • Mass exodus from reservations • Thousands found work in major cities • In 1940, 90% lived on reservations by 2000 more than half lived in cities • 25,000 joined the Armed Forces • Comanches in Europe and Navajos in the Pacific made valuable contributions as “Code Talkers”

27. Mexican immigrants • Bracero Program • Brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers to harvest fruit and grain crops of the west • Program outlived war by 20 years and established a pattern of immigrants as agricultural workers in the American West.

28. Women and minorities in Canada Canadian Women’s Army Corps arriving in Sicily 1944

29. Immigration • Prior to World War II, Canada did not want any more immigration coming into the country • Some immigrants were even rounded up and deported • The Liberal Party relied on immigrant voters (were thought to have supported immigration)

30. Jews • Director of Immigration (Fred Blair) • Anti-Semite who held office as Hitler was announcing his plan for the Jews • Jewish refugees were not allowed in Canada • French-Canadians made sure Anti-Semitism was prominent throughout Canada (created quotas for admission into McGill University, unable to attend certain beaches, clubs, and resorts) • Most Jews were viewed as being clever yet vulnerable, were humbly employed due to being new immigrants • Achat Chez Nous Movement: movement of the 1930s that was instituted by the Catholics of Quebec to boycott all Jewish stores/businesses, therefore making Jews leave (Jews only made up about 1% of Quebec’s population)

31. The St. Louis German liner carrying 907 German Jewish refugees with visas for Cuba in 1939 No country in the Americas would let them in. 254 of these would die in the Holocaust

32. Women • When war broke out, men and women volunteered for service but due to the gender roles and environment in Canada, men had a much higher enlistment number than women. • Women were asked to replace men in civilian jobs when they went off to war • In colleges throughout Canada, women stopped attending classes on “knitting” and started doing their part in driving Red Cross trucks • By 1944, 30% of non-agricultural workers were women • By the end of the war, the question was would women leave the men’s workplace quietly and happily—some did, some did not.

34. Other minorities • Chinese, Japanese-Canadians, and South Asian immigrants were viewed as inferior and unable to assimilate in Canadian society • The attacks at Pearl Harbor only ignited the violence and hatred of Japanese-Canadians; some were forced to relocate from their homes more inland and still faced racial prejudice then • Both German-Canadians and Italian-Canadians faced discrimination prior to and during the war

35. United nations • When Canada joined the UN, their racial prejudices was brought to light • After much discussion, Asians were finally given the vote in Canada and the ban on immigration was lifted