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Ceng 230 Programming with C Tansel Dökeroğlu Computer Engineering Department Spring 2013

Ceng 230 Programming with C Tansel Dökeroğlu Computer Engineering Department Spring 2013 ceng230.ceng.metu.edu.tr http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~e1451970/ tansel@ceng.metu.edu.tr. Bit and Byte.

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Ceng 230 Programming with C Tansel Dökeroğlu Computer Engineering Department Spring 2013

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  1. Ceng 230 Programmingwith C Tansel Dökeroğlu ComputerEngineeringDepartment Spring 2013 ceng230.ceng.metu.edu.tr http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~e1451970/ tansel@ceng.metu.edu.tr

  2. Bit andByte A bit is a single numeric value, either '1' or '0', that encodes a single unit of digital information. A byte is a sequence of bits; usually eight bits equal one byte.

  3. Conceptual Structure of a ComputerSystem

  4. • Computer – Device capable of performing computations andmakinglogicaldecisions – Computers process data under the control of sets ofinstructionscalledcomputerprograms • Hardware – Variousdevicescomprising a computer – Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, printer, andprocessingunits • Software – Programs that run on a computer – Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer

  5. Memory • Storeinformation (data + instructions) • A sequence of memory cells. – a byte is 8 bits – a bit is the smallest unit (0 or 1) • Store, retrieve, update – changing the pattern of 0 and 1s in memory cells – copying these patterns into some internal registers • Stored information in memory is volatile.

  6. CPU (CentralProcessingUnit) • Processandmanipulateinformationstoredin memory. • It can be divided into two units: CU (ControlUnit) and ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) • CU coordinates activities of the computer andcontrols other devices of computer. • ALU processes arithmetical and logicalinstructions.

  7. History of C • C – Developed by Denis M. Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs in 1972 as a systems programming language – Used to develop UNIX – Used to write modern operating systems – Hardware independent (portable) • Standardization – Many slight variations of C existed, and were incompatible – Committee formed to create a "unambiguous, machineindependent“ definition – Standard created in 1989, updated in 1999

  8. Flow chart of a program (Algorithm) In mathematics and computer science, an algorithmis a step-by-step procedure for calculations.

  9. Other High-level Languages – C++ • Superset of C, and provides object-oriented capabilities – Java • Create web pages with dynamic and interactive content – Fortran • Used for scientific and engineering applications – Cobol • Used to manipulate large amounts of data – Pascal • Intended for academic use

  10. C language developmentenvironment

  11. printf( "Welcome to \%d", (3/2) ); Output is : 1

  12. ! exclamation mark

  13. The C Standard Library • C programs consist of pieces/modules called functions – A programmer can create his own functions time consuming – Programmers will often use the C library functions Use these as building blocks – Avoid re-inventing the wheel If a pre-made function exists, generally best to use it ratherthan write your own Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portable

  14. Use search machines while studying

  15. Devc++ to write C code http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html

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