(6) Enterprise Software: Cost and Productivity 企业软件： 成本和生产率

1. The Networked Economy: Information Management, Strategy, and Innovation网络经济：信息管理，战略，和创新 (6) Enterprise Software:Cost and Productivity企业软件：成本和生产率

2. IT Productivity ParadoxIT生产率悖论 1987: • “You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics.” “你可以看到除了生产率统计，计算机时代随处可见。” • Bob Solow, MIT, 1987 2003: • “The IT productivity paradox is history” “IT生产率悖论已成为历史” • Eric Brynjolfsson, MIT, 2003

3. Data used to measure IT Productivity度量IT生产率的数据 • Early studies used high-level aggregated data 早期的研究使用高水平的整合数据 • E.g., whole industries or economies (e.g. OECD data)比如整个行业或者经济（例如OECD数据） • Late in the 1990s more fine-grained data became available 20世纪90年代后期，细密数据触手可得 • E.g., different characterizations of IT (mainframes, PCs, staff)比如IT的不同方面（大型机，个人机，信息系统员工） • Subsets of the economies (manufacturing vs. services)和经济的不同子类（制造业对比服务业） • Brynjolfsson (http://ebusiness.mit.edu/erik/)

4. Productivity is correlated with IT investment生产率与IT投资密切相关 Productivity (relative to industry average) 生产率（相对于行业平均水平） Total investment into IT (relative to industry average) IT 总投资（相对于行业平均水平） Source: Brynjolfsson

5. Strategic reasons for adopting ERP 采用ERP的根本原因 • Optimize internal business processes优化内部业务流程 • Increase IT efficiency提高IT效率 • Increase functionality for user提高用户功能性 • Improve internal reporting改善内部报告质量 • Integration of systems系统整合 • Reduce IT costs (HW - SW -Maintenance)降低IT成本（硬件－软件－维护） • Increase customer satisfaction提高顾客满意度 • Reduce personnel削减员工人数

6. Costs成本 • Direct Costs直接成本 • Hardware (including upgrades)硬件（包括升级） • Software (including upgrades)软件（包括升级） • Cost of operation (technical and personnel costs, shares of costs, operation of IT (rooms, maintenance), network, interior equipment)运营成本（技术和员工成本，管理费用，IT的实施（场所，维护），网络，内部设备） • Depreciation and interest折旧和利息 • Indirect Costs间接成本 • User support使用者支持 • Self-help within working groups工作组内部的自助 • Risks, e.g., Downtime风险，例如出现故障 • Decrease in company‘s productivity公司生产率的降低

7. Costs成本 • Direct costs are easy to measure直接成本可以量化 • Hardware, Software, Services硬件，软件，和服务 • Maintenance, Support维护和支持 • Upgrades (Hardware, Software, Services)升级（硬件，软件和服务） • Problem: Direct costs often used as main measure 问题: 直接成本经常成为ERP项目的主要衡量因素。 • Indirect costs are difficult to measure 间接成本很难测量， • Often larger than the direct costs通常比直接成本要大 • Rule of thumb: For USD 1 spent in ERP, USD 3-4 are spent on consultants who implement, train employees and redesign business processes!凭经验说:每在ERP上花费一元（美元），就又有3-4元（美元）花费到了实施、员工培训和业务流程重新设计上！

8. Cost-Benefit Analysis of ERPERP的成本－收益分析 • TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)TCO（系统总成本） • Purchase, Implementation, Operation, Support, Maintenance and Upgrade of an (IT) system over a specific period of time (typically 3-6 years/asset lifecycle) 一个（IT）系统在一定时期内（通常3-6年/资产生命周期）的购买、实施、运营、支持、维护和升级 • However: Benefits often difficult to measure然而：收益很难度量

9. Benefits收益 • Quantitative 定量的收益 • Reduce order throughput times减少订单周期 • Decrease inventory (less capital binding costs)降低库存（更低的资金占用成本） • Improve capacity utilization提高产能利用率 • Qualitative 定性的收益 • Transparency 透明性 • Up-to-date information实时更新的信息 • Improvement of business processes业务流程的改进 • Better communication更好的沟通 • Less error rates更低的错误率

10. Challenges for Cost-Benefit Analysis收益分析的挑战 • IT projects often misunderstood as mere cost centerIT项目经常被误认为仅仅是成本中心 • ERP purchase is strategic decision reflecting company goalsERP系统的购买是反映公司目标的战略决策 • Clarify how ERP system contributes towards company‘s quantitative and qualitative goals (short- and long-term) 明确ERP系统要有助于实现公司的（短期的和长期的）定量的和定性的目标 • Pay-off (ROI) may pay later than expected (IT maturity)IT的收益（投资回报率）的显露可能比预计的要晚（IT成熟）

11. Measuring IT benefits度量IT收益的方法 • Measures of IT benefits 收益的测量标准 • Productivity: Input/Output生产率：投入/产出 • ROI = (Quantifiable Benefits - Costs) / Investment *100 (typically annualized)投资回报率＝（可量化的收益－各项成本）/投资*100 （通常以年为单位） • Do not confuse with不要与下列度量指标相混淆 • Net Present Value (NPV): Present value of a project‘s cash inflows minus the present value of the project’s cash outflows (in €):净现值（NPV）：项目现金流入的现值减去项目现金流出的现值（欧元） • Payback: the point of time where an investment equals its net sales (in months); Break-Even: 回收期：投资额等于净收入的时间点（以月为单位）；得失相当： • Payback period = Investments / (Quantifiable Benefits - Costs)回收期＝投资额/（可量化的收益－各项成本）

12. Sources of software: Buy vs Build?软件的来源：购买还是开发 • BUILD 开发 • In-house development内部开发 • Outsourced外包 • BUY购买 • Packaged software producers 预组装的软件生产商 • Commercial off the shelf (COTS)不需定制的现成产品 • Enterprise solution software 企业解决方案软件 • E.g. ERP modules比如，ERP模块 • All-from-one-vendor vs. Best-of-breed从一家软件供应商处获得所需的全部产品与从不同软件供应商处分别获得其优势产品的比较

13. Criteria for Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software(COTS)选择现成软件（COTS）的标准 • Cost: In-House vs. purchased成本: 比较内部开发和购买 • Functionality: Mandatory,essential and desired features功能性: 必要的，基本的和想要的特征 • Vendor Support: Installation,Training, Technical Support供应商支持: 安装, 培训, 技术支持 • Viability of Vendor供应商的竞争力 • Flexibility： ease of customization灵活性：定制化的难易程度 • Documentation: User documentation, technical documentation文档资料: 用户文档, 技术文档 • Response Time客户的服务时间 • Ease of Installation安装的难易程度

14. Indirect costs are important间接成本在选择软件时起到重要作用 • Direct Cost直接成本 • Software 软件和硬件 • Hardware • Support 支持成本 • Staffing 人员成本 • Indirect Cost间接成本 • Peer support同事的支持 • Casual learning非正式学习 • Formal training正式培训 • Application development应用程序开发