Dr E. Sarukhanian Special Adviser to WMO Secretary-General on IPY 2007-2008

1. Dr E. Sarukhanian Special Adviser to WMO Secretary-General on IPY 2007-2008

2. Brief History of The First IPYwas held in 1882-1883 with participation of12 countries. At 13 stations in the Northern Hemisphere and at two stations in the Sub-Antarctic meteorological observations and observations of the Earth’s magnetic field were made. The Second IPYwas held in 1932–1933.The hydro-meteorological network in polar areas has been expanded. The measurements have been made provided new representations of a polar atmosphere behavior. Many expeditions to the Arctic seas were made, ocean circulation and sea ice were studied. The International Geophysical Year in 1957-1958 - the first global experiment for observation of the Earth’s environment. Scientists from 67 countries began comprehensive observations of the global geophysical processes. International Polar Year 2007-2008 2003 May WMO Congress by Resolution 34(Cg- XIV) approved holding an International Polar Year in 2007-2008. 2004 February ICSU Executive Board approved holding of IPY in 2007-2008 and invited WMO to jointly sponsor the IPY. 2004 November, ICSU and WMO as sponsoring organizations have established Joint Committee on International Polar Year 2007-2008. Polar bear attacked the German scientistin the Arctic, 1870th Oceanographic measurements in the Arctic,beginning of the 1900th Ice-breaking steamer “Sybyrjakov”, Chukotka, 1933 Polar station in the Polar night, 1957

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR 2007-2008 IPY 2007-2008 should be an intensive burst of internationally coordinated, interdisciplinary,scientific research and observations focused on the Earth´s polar regions. IPY 2007-2008 is intended to lay the foundation for major scientific advances in knowledge and understanding of the nature and behaviour of the polar regions and their role in the functioning of the planet. Timeframe • 1st March 2007 to 1st March 2009 Geographic focus • Earth’s high latitude regions • Studies of any region relevant to the understanding of polar processes or phenomena

4. Themes for the IPY 2007-2008 Theme #1Current Status of the Polar Regions:To determine the present environmental status of the polar regions Theme #2 Change in the Polar Regions:To quantify, and understand, past and present natural environmental and social change in the polar regions; and to improve projections of future change Theme #3Globallinkages:To advance our understanding on all scales of the links and interactions between polar regions and the rest the globe, and of the processes controlling these Theme #4New frontiers: To investigate the frontiers of science in the polar regions Theme #5Polar Regions as Vantage Points: To use the unique vantage point of the polar regions to develop and enhance observatories from the interior of the Earth to the Sun and the cosmos beyond Theme #6Human dimensions: To investigate the cultural, historical, and social processes that shape the sustainability of circumpolar human societies, and to identify their unique contributions to global cultural diversity and citizenship

5. New Observational Initiatives • A synoptic set of multidisciplinary observations to establish the status of the polar environment in 2007-2008 • The acquisition of key data sets necessary to understand factors controlling change in the polar environment • The establishment of a legacy of multidisciplinary observational networks • The launch of internationally-coordinated, multidisciplinary investigations into new scientific frontiers • The implementation of polar observatories to study important facets of Planet Earth and beyond • The creation of datasets on the changing conditions of circumpolar human societies

6. Observing component:Re-activate existing meteorological stations, increase the number of drifting buoys, Voluntary Observing Ships, AMDAR

7. Observing component(cont): Use existing and new operational polar-orbiting satellite series, especially satellites with capabilities for polar regions, as well as other tools and platforms Airborne measurements Meteorological ice drifting buoy using for IABP and IPAB Automatic weather station Satellite images MODIS (TERRA) AVHRR (NOAA) SAR (RADARSAT)

8. Global Atmospheric Watch • Multidisciplinary Obs Stratospheric Ozone and Atmospheric Pollution Effects on Climate, Ozone Depletion, and the Environment:Enhance integrated monitoring of the ozone layer,Intensify measurement and modeling of the transport of greenhouse gases and aerosols to minimize the impact of chemicals on the polar ecosystems Courtesy WMO AREP O3 Courtesy A. Geer

9. Climate Assessment:Investigate teleconnections between polar regions and the lower latitudes, in an effort to improve climate prediction;assess and project future climate change in polar regions and develop climate products for application to the energy, health, tourism sectors at high latitudes. Anomalies of annual surface air temperature: 1 – to the north of 62 N (Polyakov et al., 2003); 2 – in Northern Hemisphere (Jones et al., 2003). Change of sea ice extent in the Northern Hemisphere and Arctic

10. Climate and Cryosphere:Assess the impacts of past and future climatic variability and change on components of the cryosphere and their consequences Cryosphere is part of a climate system, which includes: • permafrost • ground ice • snow • sea ice • river and lake ice • glaciers • ice caps Permafrost legend Continuous Discontinuous Sporadic Offshore permafrost The Arctic region is an area of the most pronounced climatic changes and manifestation of their consequences such as a decay of the permafrost coast of the Arctic Seas Ice sheet Ice extent in September Ice extent in April

11. Polar Oceanography:investigate physical and biological processes in Polar Oceans and establish observing systems in Arctic Ocean and the Southern OceanArctic Ocean in climate system

12. ANTARCTIC BOTTOM WATER Physical processes in the Southern Ocean (From Gordon & Comiso, 1988),

13. Global Ocean Observing System:

14. Ice Covered Ocean Observing System:tools and platforms Multipurpose research vessel for ice covered ocean investigations and supply operations in the Arctic and Antarctic Drifting research ice camp for Central Arctic ocean investigations

15. Electromagnetic Induction Techniques for Measuring Antarctic Sea Ice Thickness EM31 and laser mounted on a boom which is approx. 10 m from the ship’s hull and 3 m above the ice. EM data are recorded every second. Laser data are recorded at 27 Hz. Pitch and roll data are recorded every second. Courtesy I.Allison

16. Lena Mackenzie Pechora 1 2 Pasvic 1 2 2 3 3 4 Hydrology and Water Resources:observe and model the hydrological cycle of regions with cold climate,and achieve quantitative understanding of fresh water input to the Arctic Basin and the Southern Ocean

17. IPY Organisational Structure

18. IPY Joint Committee (IPY JC) • IPY JC consists of two Co-Chairs and 12 members appointed by ICSU and WMO. The scientific disciplines covered by the JC members include Meteorology, Climatology, Oceanography, Remote-sensing, Glaciology,Geology, Biology, Geosciences, and Social Sciences. • In addition, the Executive Heads of ICSU and WMO each appointed an ex officio member of the Committee.Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), International Arctic Science Council (IASC) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) nominated ex officio representatives of their organisations. JC composition at www.ipy.org • IPY JC will work closely with about 40 IPY National Committees and Consultative Forum

19. Project Steering Committee The Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be self-organizing committee within IPY Core Projects, responsible for the detailed planning, execution and reporting of science activities of that project. Each PSC must have an identified leader who is the communication link to the Joint Committee and to leaders of other PSCs. The Project Steering Committee will have considerable autonomy. Members are expected to be active participants of the activities or responsible for critical elements, such as logistics, data management, or education, outreach and communication.

20. IPY Consultative Forum (IPY CF) A Consultative Forum is established to provide a platform for IPY development, including dialogue among the various stakeholders, expressions of views on IPY, and a venue for exchange of information with the Joint Committee on IPY development

21. Time –schedule of the IPY Joint Committee Activities • ICSU-WMO establish IPY Joint Committee – November 2004 • ICSU-WMO establish IPY IPO at BAS, UK - November 2004 • ICSU-WMO issue call for Expressions of Intent (EOI)-November 2004 (Deadline • 14 January 2005 ) –989 Expressions of Intent were collected • IPY JC evaluated EOI - February 2005 • IPY JC First session, Paris, 7-9 March 2005 • (JC identified “lead” projects or projects of category 1 that may become Core projects • for IPY, and projects of category 2 that should be connected with lead projects IPY) • Consultative Forum – 10-11 March 2005 ( has been informed by JC on the results of EOI evaluation and next steps) • IPY International Programme Office send out letters to all proponents by 30 March 2005 (guidance on combining EOI and preparation of full proposals ) • Full proposal - Deadline 30 June 2005 • Evaluation of full proposals by JC –Deadline 1 August 2005 • JC Teleconference – 10 August 2005 (JC will identify initial “official” IPY projects) • .

22. “Lead” projects related to Polar Oceanography • Integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System(Arctic Ocean Science Board) • Role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in past, present and future climate: a Strategy for International Polar year 2007-2008(CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR WG on Southern Ocean) • Synoptic Arctic Shelf-Slope Interactions Study(iAnZone) • Arctic and Antarctic Sea Level Network Development and Studies of Polar Sea Level Variability(GLOOS/JCOMM)

23. Establishment of a legacy of multi-disciplinary observational networks The development and installation of international, long-term, multi-disciplinary observing networks could be a particularly significant legacy of IPY 2007-2008. These observing systems would provide scientists and decision-makers with real time information on the evolving state of the Polar Regions for decades to come. Stations that remain relatively fixed in place, such as on land or on stable ice sheets, as well as stations moving with the ice and the seas, should developed to integrate physical, biological, and chemical measurements.

24. Data Policy and Data management Strategy Data obtained during the IPY must be preserved over long periods of time so that the scientific records and observations obtained will be available for use in research in the future (this is particularly important for climate research). Considering the relatively short period until the start of the IPY field phase, the IPY data management strategy must make use of existing data infrastructures and services.

25. The Ocean Observation Panel for Climate is invited to provide guidance to the Project Steering Committees (established within the IPY Core projects related to Polar Oceanography), in particular with respect to studies of the role of the ocean in climate change, establishment of observational networks and oceanographic data management issues. T

26. Thank you!