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GINJAL

GINJAL. KUNCORO PUGUH S. FUNGSI. Pengaturan keseimbangan air & elektrolit Pengaturan konsentrasi osmolaritas cairan tubuh & elektrolit Pengaturan keseimbangan asam basa Ekskresi hasil sisa metabolisme Pengaturan tekanan arteri Sekresi hormon Glukoneogenesis.

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GINJAL

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  1. GINJAL KUNCORO PUGUH S

  2. FUNGSI • Pengaturan keseimbangan air & elektrolit • Pengaturan konsentrasi osmolaritas cairan tubuh & elektrolit • Pengaturan keseimbangan asam basa • Ekskresi hasil sisa metabolisme • Pengaturan tekanan arteri • Sekresi hormon • Glukoneogenesis

  3. Functions of the urinary system • Excretion • The removal of organic waste products from body fluids • Elimination • The discharge of waste products into the environment • Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma • Regulating blood volume and pressure • Regulating plasma ion concentrations • Stabilizing blood pH • Conserving nutrients

  4. ANATOMI FISIOLOGI GINJAL ANJING

  5. ANATOMI FISIOLOGI GINJAL SAPI

  6. Figure 26.3 The Urinary System in Gross Dissection Figure 26.3

  7. ANATOMI & FISOLOGI

  8. Two types of nephron • Cortical nephrons • ~85% of all nephrons • Located in the cortex • Juxtamedullary nephrons • Closer to renal medulla • Loops of Henle extend deep into renal pyramids

  9. Figure 26.7 Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons Figure 26.7a

  10. Figure 26.7 Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons Figure 26.7b, c

  11. Nephron functions include: • Production of filtrate • Reabsorption of organic nutrients • Reabsorption of water and ions • Secretion of waste products into tubular fluid

  12. Urine production maintains homeostasis • Regulating blood volume and composition • Excreting waste products • Urea • Creatinine • Uric acid

  13. Basic processes of urine formation • Filtration • Blood pressure • Water and solutes across glomerular capillaries • Reabsorption • The removal of water and solutes from the filtrate • Secretion • Transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid

  14. Figure 26.9 An Overview of Urine Formation Figure 26.9

  15. Carrier Mediated Transport • Filtration in the kidneys modified by carrier mediated transport • Facilitated diffusion • Active transport • Cotransport • Countertransport • Carrier proteins have a transport maximum (Tm) • Determines renal threshold

  16. Reabsorption and secretion • Accomplished via diffusion, osmosis, and carrier-mediated transport • Tm determines renal threshold for reabsorption of substances in tubular fluid

  17. Sectional anatomy of the kidneys • Superficial outer cortex and inner medulla • The medulla consists of 6-18 renal pyramids • The cortex is composed of roughly 1.25 million nephrons • Major and minor calyces along with the pelvis drain urine to the ureters

  18. NEPHRON • Merupakan unit fungsionil terkecil ginjal •  1 Juta / Ginjal • Panjang seluruh nephron = 45 – 65 mm

  19. GLOMERULUS • Kapsula Bowman : pars visceralis & pars parietalis • Filter glomerulus : 3 lapis • Endhotelium kapiler :100nm • Lamina basalis :8 nm • Epithel Pars viceralis kapsula Bowman ( Podocyt) : 25 nm • Luas area filtrasi  0,8 m2 • Ultra filtrat = plasma - protein

  20. Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration Figure 26.10

  21. Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle Figure 26.8a, b

  22. Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle Figure 26.8c, d

  23. Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration Figure 26.10a, b

  24. Functional anatomy of the nephron • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) • Actively reabsorbs nutrients, plasma proteins and ions from filtrate • Released into peritubular fluid • Loop of Henle • Descending limb • Ascending limb • Each limb has a thick and thin section PLAY Animation: Urinary System Anatomy

  25. Reabsorption and secretion at the PCT • Glomerular filtration produces fluid similar to plasma without proteins • The PCT reabsorbs 60-70% of the filtrate produced • Reabsorption of most organic nutrients • Active and passive reabsorption of sodium and other ions • Reabsorption of water • Secretion also occurs in the PCT PLAY Animation: Early Filtrate Processing PLAY Animation: Glomerular filtration

  26. TUBULUS PROKSIMALIS • P = 15 mm • Tight junction • Lateral intercellular space • Brush border • Reabsorbsi 65 % • Zat yg direabsorbsi tidak disekresi kecuali K+ • Sekresi zat diikat oleh protein plasma

  27. Figure 26.12 Transport Activities at the PCT PLAY Animation: Proximal Convoluted Tubule Figure 26.12

  28. The loop of Henle and countercurrent multiplication • Countercurrent multiplication • Between ascending and descending limbs of loop • Creates osmotic gradient in medulla • Facilitates reabsorption of water and solutes before the DCT • Permits passive reabsorption of water from tubular fluid

  29. ANSA HENLE • Pars decendent : 2- 14 mm • Pars Ascendent : mithokondria >>, Sel Junxtaglomerular vas. Afferent mensekresi RENIN • ANSA HENLE SEGMEN TIPIS : permeabilitas besar, metabolisme minimal • ANSA HENLE SEGMEN TEBAL : tidak permeabel thd H2O & Ureum, reabsorbsi aktif Cl- & Na+

  30. Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine Figure 26.13a

  31. Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine Figure 26.13b

  32. Figure 26.13 Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine Figure 26.13c

  33. Functional anatomy of the nephron • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) • Actively secretes ions, toxins, drugs • Reabsorbs sodium ions from tubular fluid PLAY Animation: Urinary System Dissection and Flythrough

  34. Reassertion and secretion at the DCT • DCT performs final adjustment of urine • Active secretion or absorption • Absorption • Tubular cells actively resorb Na+ and Cl- • In exchange for potassium or hydrogen ions (secreted)

  35. TUBULUS DISTALIS • P = 5 mm • Ephitel lebih pipih dari ephitel tubulus proksimalis • Brush border (─) • Bagian proksimal = segmen tebal ansa henle • Bagian distal terjadi ion exchange K+ dg Na+ : Hormon Aldosteron

  36. Figure 26.14 Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT PLAY Animation: Distal Convoluted Tubule Figure 26.14

  37. Figure 26.14 Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT Figure 26.14c

  38. Reabsorption and secretion along the collecting system • Water and solute loss is regulated by aldosterone and ADH • Reabsorption • Sodium ion, bicarbonate, and urea are resorbed • Secretion • pH is controlled by secretion of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions

  39. DUKTUS COLLIGENTES • P = 20 mm • Menampung beberapa tubulus distalis • Ber muara di papilla renalis • Bagian Cortex : tidak permeabel thd ureum • Bagian medulla ; permeabel thd ureum • ADH < : tidak permeabel thd H2O

  40. Figure 26.6 A Representative Nephron Figure 26.6

  41. Figure 26.5 The Blood Supply to the Kidneys Figure 26.5c, d

  42. Figure 26.5 The Blood Supply to the Kidneys Figure 26.5a, b

  43. SUPLAI DARAH GINJAL

  44. RENAL FRACTION • Vasa afferent glomerulus membentuk vasa recta • Renal Blood Flow = 1200 ml/menit • Cardiac Out Put = 5000ml/ menit • Renal Fraction = 1200/5000 X 100% = 24%

  45. KECEPATAN ALIRAN DARAH TIAP 100 g JARINGAN

  46. ALIRAN CAIRAN DLM TUBUH

  47. REABSORPSI ELEKTROLIT • ( kation ) perlu dikendalikan, bila berubah : kegagalan faal ginjal • K+ > : potensial membran < : paralisis • K+ < : potensial membran > : paralisis • Na+ << : Potensial aksi < : paralisis • Ca++ < : permeabilitas membran > : tetani

  48. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) • Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute • Factors that alter filtration pressure change GFR

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