Intro To Community Dentistry

1. Intro To Community Dentistry • Dr AasimMasood

2. HEALTH • DEFINITION: “Absence of disease”. WHO defined as “a complete physical mental and social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”.

3. Dental public health • The art and science of preventing and controlling dental diseases in addition to promoting the dental health through organized community efforts

4. AIM OF DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH COURSE

5. Dental public health 1.Dental health education to the public. 2.Preventing and controlling of dental diseases. 3.The applied dental researches. 4.Providing dental care programs that include the prevention and treatment.

6. Aim of the dental public health course • To give better understanding of the patient that should be treated as a part of the community rather than a specific case that needs treatment. • To realize the importance of implanting the future dental practice based on the regular maintenance of care and utilization of preventive measures

7. To provide the specialized skills and knowledge that will enhance the future practice dentistry. • To identify the community health problems and suggest approaches for their correction

8. The Role of Dental Practitioner • assessing, reviewing, and recording a patient’s risk for dental diseases, oral health status and to “prescribing” an appropriate treatment.

9. Role of dental practitioner in clinical and community practice Clinical practitioner 1.Assessment of dental, medical history and oral health status. 2.Diagnosis of the patient oral health. 3.Treatment plan based on diagnosis and patient needs and priorities. Community dental practice 1.Survey of the commt oral health status and their demographic characters. 2.Analysis of the survey data to determine health needs. 3.Program plan based on the resources available and priorities

10. 4.Payment method is determined. 5.Evaluation during treatment at specific interval 4.Financing takes place. 5.Evaluation of the program progress

11. What is community dentistry ? • Dental public health deals with the whole community rather than the individuals so, it called community dentistry.

12. What is health

13. Changing Concepts of health • Biomedical concept • Ecological concept • Psychosocial concept • Holistic concept

14. Biomedical concept • Health has been viewed as “absence of disease”.if person is free from any disease than he is healthy. This found inadequate because of major health problems • Malnutrition • Chronic disease • Accident

15. Ecological concept • Equilibrium between man and environment, and disease a maladjustment of the human organism to environment.

16. Psychosocial Concept health is influenced by 1) social 2) psychological 3) cultural 4) economic 5) political

17. Holistic concept • Sound mind, • Sound body, • Sound Family, • Sound environment

18. Disease ?

19. Disease Opposite of health . Any deviation from normal or state of complete physical or mental well- being.

20. The germ theory During 19th and early 20th century emphasis shifted from emperical cause (bad air) to microbes as the sole cause of the disease. Disease Agent Man disease

21. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD • AGENT • HOST • ENVIROMENT

22. AGENT • Defined as substance,living or non-living,the excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate or perpetuate a disease process. • Classification: 1) Biological 2) Nutritional 3) Physical 4) Chemical 5) Mechanical 6) Social

23. HOST • Defined as a person or other animal,including birds and or arthropods,that affords subsistence or lodgments to an infectious agent under natural condition. • Classification • Demographic i.eage,sex. • biological Such as genitic factors. • Social and economic

24. Environment Living conditions (housing, crowding, water supply, refuse, sewage, etc) Atmosphere / climate

25. Multifactorial Causation • Pettenkofer (munich) • Due to advancement in public health, i.echemotherapy,antibiotics and vector control, decline in communicable disease. • And beginning of new type disease • Lung Cancer,coronory heart disease,metal illness.

26. Web Causation • Model of disease suggested by Mac Mohan an suited in d pugh,this model is ideally in chronic disease. Where the agent is not known, but is the outcome of interaction of multiple factors.

27. Natural History of disease • Prepathogensis phase • Pathogensis phase

28. Risk factor • When the disease agent is not firmly established the etiology is generally discussed in terms of risk factor. • The risk factor does not mean that the disease will occur ,and its absence it will occur. • e.g smoking and occupational exposure(dye and leather) in bladder cancer.

29. Risk factor • On the other hand smoking has an affect on the hypertension and high blood cholesterol. • The risk factor may be causative or mrely contributory factor. • So some risk factor can be modified like smoking ,alchol,but some (age,sex) cannot be modified .

30. Iceberg of disease • symptomatic disease • What the physcian • sees • -----------------------------------------what the • Physcian does m---------------------------not see • --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Presymptomatic disease

31. 1 Diseased, diagnosed & controlled 2 Diagnosed, uncontrolled 3 Undiagnosed or wrongly diagnosed disease 4 Risk factors for disease 5 Free of risk factors Diagnosed disease Undiagnosed or wrongly diagnosed disease Figure 6.6 The pyramid and iceberg of disease

32. Iceberg/pyramid : severity of disease • Prostate cancer based on cases diagnosed in hospital would lead to the view that the disease is usually, if not always, progressive. • Unselected cases show that prostatic cancer can in some cases be a static, or slowly progressive, phenomenon. • Patients who are at the tip of the iceberg are more likely to have multiple health problems than others. • People with cardio-respiratory problems and diabetes are more likely to be admitted to hospital, than people with only one of these two problems. This is the basis of the bias known as Berkson's bias.

33. Screening

34. What is Screening • Screeningis the testing of apparently healthy populations to identify previously undiagnosed diseases or people at high risk of developing a disease.  • Screening aims to detect early disease before it becomes symptomatic.

35. The Principles of Screening • The choice of disease for which to screen; • The nature of the screening test or tests to be used; • The availability of a treatment for those found to have the disease; • The relative costs of the screening.

36. When to screen?

37. There should be a suitable test or examination. • The test should be acceptable to the population. 

38. Screening 1.Acceptability 2.Repeatability 3.Validity:validity has two components i. Sensitivity ii. specificity

39. Sensitivity • Ability of the test to identify correctly all those who have the disease,and is called true positive.90 percent of sensitivity means 90 % of the disease people screened by the test will give a “true positive” result and the remaining 10% false negative.

40. Specificity • Ability of the test to identify correctly those who don’t have the disease, that is true negative.90% specificity means 90 percent of the non diseased person will give true negative result.

41. Outcomes of a Screening Test

42. a denotes true positive individuals with having disease. • b denotes false positive test results and don’t have the disease. • c denotes false negative test results but who have the disease. • d denotes true negative who do not have the disease and test result is negati.ve

43. Evaluation • Sensitivity =a/(a+c)100 • Sepcificity =d/(b+d)100

44. INFECTION • DEFINATION Entry and development or multiplication of infectious agent in the body of man or animal . Sources of infection is defined as the person, animal ,object or substance from which an infectious agent passes or is disseminated to host.

45. Reservoirs • Reservoirs is defined as any person, animal arthropods or combination of these in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies, on which it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host. • Types of Reservoirs • 1) Human • 2) Animal • 3) Reservoir in non living.

46. . Epidemiology • Definition of epidemiology • The study of the health and the disease in human population and how these statuses are influenced by the environment and way of living.

47. Uses of epidemiology • Study the pattern of the diseases among population. o • Collection of data to understand the natural history to the disease which lead to formulation of hypothesis to explain the disease. • Planning and evaluation of dental health services. • To identify the etiological factors responsible for a disease. • To identify special groups more susceptible to oral diseases and allow planning for preventive services.

48. Scientific methods in dental epidemiology • 1.Formulation of the hypothesis.It aim to put the idea of the investigator in the form of a null hypothesis, which is the starting point of any investigation. • 2.Designing the investigation, using the methods of epidemiological studies

49. Scientific methods in dental epidemiology • 3.Selection of the sample. • 4.Conducting the investigation, with the main three aspects when conduct the examinations The examination method. The diagnostic criteria. The indices used for measurements. • .Analysis of data. • Drawing the conclusion. • Publishing the results.

50. Prevention of the oral diseases Many diseases are preventable through simple, non-medical methods as most common oral diseases (dental caries and periodontal diseases). Prevention of oral diseases depends upon data collected from the epidemiology of the diseases which can identify the etiological factors concern with the diseases and find the methods to control or prevent it.