1. The Development of Civil Liberties During the Third Wave: Levels and Sequences Svend-Erik Skaaning, JørgenMøller

2. ABSTRACT: The literature on state repression has been preoccupied with electoral rights and personal integrity rights whereas the repression of civil liberties has received much less attention. In this paper, we present new data on respect for civil liberties, which includes indicators on freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of religion, and freedom of movement for 198 countries in the period 1976-2010. Based on this dataset, we report two main findings. First, a hierarchical pattern can be identified as freedom of speech is generally repressed at least as much as freedom of association and assembly, which is generally repressed at least much as freedom of movement, while freedom of religion is only rarely repressed more than any of the other liberties. Second, important temporal dynamics occur. We find that after the end of the Cold War a partial convergence in the respect for the different kinds of civil liberties has occurred as the scores for the freedom of expression and the freedom of association and assembly have increased more than those for the freedom of movement and the freedom of religion. However, on both accounts this increase has been trumped by that for electoral rights, meaning that the democratization which has occurred since 1989-91 suffers from a liberal deficit. These findings corroborate important theoretical insights that have so far not been tested adequately.