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Fundamentals of TCP/IP Protocols in Networking

Learn about TCP, UDP, and IP protocols, including addressing, segmentation, and data delivery processes. Explore IPv4 and IPv6 differences, fragmentation, and optional headers. Understanding options for efficient data transmission.

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Fundamentals of TCP/IP Protocols in Networking

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  1. Chapter 3 TCP and IP Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  2. Introduction • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Internet Protocol (IP) • IPv6 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  3. TCP • RFC 793, RFC 1122 • Outgoing data is logically a stream of octets from user • Stream broken into blocks of data, or segments • TCP accumulates octets from user until segment is large enough, or data marked with PUSH flag • User can mark data as URGENT Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  4. Similarly, incoming data is a stream of octets presented to user • Data marked with PUSH flag triggers delivery of data to user, otherwise TCP decides when to deliver data • Data marked with URGENT flag causes user to be signaled Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  5. Checksum Field • Applied to data segment and part of the header • Protects against bit errors in user data and addressing information • Filled in at source • Checked at destination Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  6. Options • Maximum segment size • Window scale factor • Timestamp Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  7. Figure 2.1 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  8. UDP • RFC 768 • Connectionless, unreliable • Less overhead • Simply adds port addressing to IP • Checksum is optional Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  9. Appropriate Uses of UDP • Inward data collection • Outward data dissemination • Request-response • Real-time applications Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  10. IP • RFC 791 • Field highlights: • Type of service, defined in RFC 1349, see Figure 3.1 • More bit • Don’t fragment bit • Time to live (similar to a hop count) Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  11. Figure 2.2 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  12. Figure 3.1 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  13. Fragmentation and Reassembly • Networks may have different maximum packet size • Router may need to fragment datagrams before sending to next network • Fragments may need further fragmenting in later networks • Reassembly done only at final destination since fragments may take different routes Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  14. Figure 3.2 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  15. Type of Service TOS Subfield • Set by source system • Routers may ignore TOS • Router may respond to requested TOS value through: • Route selection • Subnetwork service • Queuing discipline Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  16. Table 3.1 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  17. Type of Service Precedence Subfield • Indicates degree of urgency or priority • Like TOS subfield, may be ignored and there are 3 approaches to responding • Intended to affect queuing discipline at router • Queue service • Congestion control Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  18. IPv4 Options • Security • Source routing • Route recording • timestamping Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  19. IPv6 • Increase IP address from 32 bits to 128 • Accommodate higher network speeds, mix of data streams (graphics, video, audio) • Fixed size 40-octet header, followed by optional extension headers • Longer header but fewer fields (8 vs 12), so routers should have less processing Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  20. IPv6 Header • Version • Traffic class • Flow label • Payload length • Next header • Hop limit • Source address • Destination address Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  21. IPv6 Addresses • 128 bits • Longer addresses can have structure that assists routing • 3 types: • Unicast • Anycast • multicast Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  22. Figure 3.3 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  23. Optional Extension Headers • Hop-by-hop options • Routing • Fragment • Authentication • Encapsulating security payload • Destination options Chapter 3 TCP and IP

  24. Figure 3.4 Chapter 3 TCP and IP

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