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But, there is a problem…

kelsie-bridges
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But, there is a problem…

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  1. Protein Synthesis: THE BIG PICTURE We continually say that DNA is our “genetic code” or “instruction manual” for life. If that’s true, then how does DNA determine our hair color, body type, or eye color? Well, all of those things—hair, eyes, muscle—are made of proteins. So, the instructions contained in DNA are used to make different kinds of proteins!

  2. But, there is a problem… • Where is the genetic code, or instructions for making proteins found? • DNA (in the nucleus) • Where are proteins made & assembled? • Ribosome (in the cytoplasm) • Can DNA leave the nucleus? • NO! Its too valuable • How do the instructions get from the nucleus to the ribosome? • RNA

  3. RNA vs. DNA One nucleotide of RNA The Scoop On RNA: • Examine the following pictures…how is RNA different from DNA? Name: Structure: Building Block: Base Pairing Rules: Ribonucleic Acid Single-Stranded Nucleotide  sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogen base Cytosine with Guanine, Adenine with Uracil NO T’S IN RNA!!!

  4. 3 Types of RNA: • mRNA Messenger: Carries DNA’s information to the ribosome. • tRNA Transfer: Changes the language of the information, from RNA to amino acids. • rRNA  Ribosomal: Makes up ribosomes.

  5. Each type of RNA is composed of nucleotide chains. They are just different in structure.

  6. Protein Synthesis: An Overview • Transcription • Process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to mRNA, occurs in the nucleus • Translation • Process of assembling proteins, occurs at the ribosome.Order of nucleotides in mRNA converted into an order of amino acids.

  7. Transcription • Purpose: To get instructions from DNA inside the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. • What Happens? • In the nucleus, a portion of DNA (gene) unwinds and unzips, revealing it’s code. • DNA is transcribed into mRNA according to base pairing rules. • Ex: G becomes C, C becomes G A becomes U, T becomes A

  8. Transcription

  9. Practice, Practice, Practice! • DNA: • AGGCTATAC • mRNA: • UCCGAUAUG • CODONS? • UCC, GAU, AUG Codon = Each combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides

  10. Practice: If this is the sequence of DNA, what mRNA strand would be transcribed? G-A-T-T-C-C-G-A-G C-U-A-A-G-G-C-U-C

  11. Once the mRNA is made in the nucleus, where does it go? • To RIBOSOMES in the cytoplasm to be TRANSLATED!

  12. Translation • Purpose: To translate mRNA into a protein. Like switching languages (nucleotides to amino acids) • What Happens? • mRNA attaches to a ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, “reading” codons. • Each codon is paired with the opposite tRNA anticodon according to base pairing. • Each tRNA anticodon carries an amino acid. The chain of amino acids attaches with peptide bonds and becomes a protein!

  13. Codon Anti -Codon Amino Acid

  14. How does the right amino acid get there?

  15. Practice Makes Perfect! • DNA: • CGTGCCCAAATT • mRNA: • GCACGGGUUUAA • Codons? GCA, CGG, GUU, UAA • tRNA: • CGUGCCCAAAUU • Anti-Codons? CGU, GCC, CAA, AUU • Amino Acids: • Ala, Arg, Val, STOP

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