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APHG REVIEW BOOK IN A NUTSHELL

APHG REVIEW BOOK IN A NUTSHELL. BY ALEX COLEMAN. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY. Developed by Walter Christaller Saw the economic world as a spatial model City location and the level of economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagons which overlapped. ARITHMETIC DENSITY.

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APHG REVIEW BOOK IN A NUTSHELL

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  1. APHG REVIEW BOOK IN A NUTSHELL BY ALEX COLEMAN

  2. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY • Developed by Walter Christaller • Saw the economic world as a spatial model • City location and the level of economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagons which overlapped

  3. ARITHMETIC DENSITY • Number of things per square unit of distance.

  4. AGRICULTURAL DENSITY • Number of people per square unit of land actively under cultivation.

  5. DIFFUSION PATTERNS • Expansion • Originates in a central places and expands outward. • Hierarchal • Originates in a first-order location then moves down to second-order locations and then locally. • Relocation • Begins at a point of origin then crosses physical barrier. • Contagious • Begins at point of origin then moves outward to nearby locations • Stimulus • Underlying principle diffuses

  6. MAP TYPES • Topographic • Contour lines of elevation • Thematic • Expresses particular subject with no land forms • Chloropleth • Uses color to show different geography • Isoline • Calculate data values between two points • Dot Density • Uses dots to show volume and density • Flow Line • Uses lines of different thickness to show movement • Cartograms • Uses simple geometric shapes to represent places

  7. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL • Theory of how population changes over time (has predictive capability) • Stage 1 • Subsistence farming, migration for food, livestock • High BR and DR • Sierra Leone, Liberia, Botswana • Stage 2 • Agricultural base for trade • RNI goes up significantly • BR high DR down • Ghana and Nepal

  8. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL (CNT’D) • Stage 2 ½ • New industrial country • Manufacturing begins • BR down DR down • Mexico and Malaysia • Stage 3 • Transition to full manufacturing • Most First World Countries • BR down DR down because of services • China and Brazil • Stage 4 • Service based • BR and DR as low as possible • Zero population growth • Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States

  9. MALTHUSIAN THEORY • Global population would exceed food production • Didn’t happen because of agricultural revolutions • Neo- Malthusians • Sustainability: may be problems keeping up in the long-run • Increasing per capita demand: the amount of food per person has gone of greatly • Natural resource depletion: nonrenewables will run out like wood, minerals, and energy

  10. POPULATION PYRAMIDS • Population structures based on ages • Shapes • Triangle • Fast growing • Extended Triangle • Moderate growth • Column • Slow growth • Reduced pentagon • Shrinking • Gaps • War • Older on top

  11. VON THUNEN’S MODEL OF THE ISOLATED STATE

  12. LAND RENT CURVE

  13. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

  14. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

  15. SECTOR MODEL

  16. MULTIPLE-NUCLEI MODEL

  17. GALATIC CITY MODEL

  18. LATIN AMERICAN CITY MODEL

  19. GRAVITY MODEL • Mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis. • Used to calculate transportation flow between two points. • Determine the area of influence of a city’s business • Estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place • Location1 Population x Location 2 Population/Distance²

  20. GIS, GPS, AND REMOTE SENSING • GIS • Data layers that show different geographic features • GPS • Uses satellites to show your position on Earth • Remote Sensing • Arial photography used for GIS.

  21. BIRTH RATE • Total number of infants born living counted in a year • Live births/ (Population/1000) • Higher birth rates in LDCs • Lower birth rates in MDCs

  22. DEATH RATE • The number of deaths per year divided by 1000. • Deaths/(Population/1000) • High death rates in LDCs • Low death rates in MDCs • Advances in technology have increased life expectancy

  23. RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE (RNI) • Difference in the amount of population change • BR-DR/10 • Possible to be negative

  24. DOUBLING TIME • How long it would take for a country to double in size • 70/RNI

  25. NET MIGRATION RATE • Total migration • (Number of Immigrants/(Population/1000))-(Number of Emigrants/(Population/1000)) • Can be negative

  26. THE DEMOGRAPHIC EQUATION • ((BR-DR)+NMR)/10= Percentage Rate

  27. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE • Average number of children born to each woman age 15 to 45 • Number of children/Number of women

  28. CENTROID • Geographic center of a country

  29. MIGRATION • Inter-regional or internal • One region of a country to another • Transnational • One country to another • Step migration • People move up in hierarchy of location for work or other reasons • Chain migration • Pioneers establish a new place which is a foothold for more migration • Periodic movement • Annual or seasonal movement • Push factors • War • Environmental hazards • High cost of land • Pull factors • Employment • Services

  30. LANGUAGE • Linguistic region • A place where a language is spoken • Can have different dialects within the region • Lingua franca • Bridge language like English or French

  31. ANATOLIAN VS. KURGAN THEORY • Anatolian • Group of Indians migrated from India to Turkey and brought their language and then to Europe • Kurgan • Group of Indians went from India to Central Asia then across the Eurasian steppe to Western Europe.

  32. RELIGION • Universalizing religions accept • Accept followers from everywhere • Ethnic religions • Only from specific ethnic groups • Animist • Voodoo, Native American • Worship nature • Migration • Hindu-Buddhist • Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism • Reincarnation • Hindus: caste system, Buddhists: oppose the caste • Abrahamic • Judaism, Christianity, and Islam • Believe in God to a certain degree • Common ancestors of Abraham • Jesus Christ was a figurehead • Islam: Five Pillars got them to Heaven

  33. NATION AND ETHNICITY • Nation • Population represented by a single characteristic • Culture group is another name • Ethnicity • Genetic heritage and political allegiance • Race • Genetic heritage and physical characteristics

  34. ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM • Friedrich Ratzel • The physical geography shapes the culture

  35. POSSIBILISM • Carl Saur • Cultures were partially shaped by the environment

  36. INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL INDENTITY • Internal • Expressing cultural heritage within the area it originated • External • Expressing culture where they do not share the common culture or geographic background

  37. CULTURAL REGIONS • Homogeneous characteristics of culture in an area

  38. CULTURAL HEARTHS • Origin of a given culture • Nile River • Mesopotamia • The Indus Valley • Mesoamerica • The Andean Highland • Northeast Chile • West Africa

  39. SEQUENT OCCUPANCE • Replacing dominant cultures over time • Lagos, Nigeria going from British control to Nigerian

  40. ACCULTURATION • Fully adopting the culture of the dominant population

  41. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION • Media has combined cultures so much that the cultures have lost their connection to their heritage and to nature

  42. ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS • Ethnic cleansing • People of one ethnic group are eliminated by another • Yugoslavian Croats and Serbs • Genocide • Large scale systematic killing of people of one ethnic group • Holocaust • Darfur • Rwanda

  43. UNITS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION • Country • An identifiable land area • Nation • A population with a single culture • State • A population under a single government • Nation-state • Single culture under a single government • Japan, Iceland, Ireland

  44. NATIONALISM • Existing culture group that desires political representation or independence

  45. STATELESS NATION • Culture group is not included or allowed to share in the state political process • Kurds in Iraq, Iran, and Syria • Basques in northern Spain • Hmong in Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and southern China

  46. CONFEDERATION • Several smaller states make up a federal government • US, Australia, Brazil, Russia

  47. MICROSTATES • Sovereign states that are smaller but hold the same position of larger states • Dominica, Luxembourg, Malta, Singapore

  48. MULTI-STATE NATIONS • Supernationalism • Two or more states align together for a common purpose • UN, WTO, WHO, EU, NATO, OPEC, NAFTA

  49. THE EUROPEAN UNION • Free trade union • Open borders • Uniform currency • One court for international issues • One parliament • World’s largest economy • Constitution is not yet ratified

  50. ENCLAVES AND EXCLAVES • Enclave • The minority group concentrated inside another country • Ethnic neighborhood in Quebec • Exclave • Fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated by land from the main part of the country • Alaska

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