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Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329

Long-Term Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Treatment Wetlands. Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace.com (612) 802-2329. References for Industrial Wetland Design. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)

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Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329

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  1. Long-Term Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Treatment Wetlands Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace.com (612) 802-2329

  2. References for Industrial Wetland Design • Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) • Small Scale Constructed Wetland Systems (Wallace & Knight, 2006) • Treatment Wetlands 2nd Edition • (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009)

  3. Recent Industrial Wetland Examples • BP, Casper Wyoming Refinery, USA • BP, Lima Ohio, USA • ARCO Wellsville New York Refinery USA • Williams Pipeline, (Watertown, South Dakota) USA • El Paso Energy (El Dorado, Kansas) USA • Shell, Scotford I Upgrader, Alberta, Canada • Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, USA • Heathrow Airport, London UK • Edmonton Airport, Alberta, Canada • Occidental Petroleum, Cano Limon, Colombia • Rosebel Gold Mine, Suriname • Sangachal, Azerbaijan

  4. Industries Using Wetlands • Oil & Gas (upstream & downstream) • Chemical Manufacturing • Landfills • Mining • Food Processing • Airports

  5. Types of Treatment Wetlands • Surface Flow (SF) • Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF) • Vertical Flow (VF) • Sludge Dewatering Reed Beds • Intensified Wetlands • Aerated (cold climates) • fill-and-drain (warm climates) • reactive media (ammonia, phosphorus, etc) • industrial wastewaters

  6. Surface Flow Wetlands Kadlec & Wallace, 2008

  7. Surface Flow Wetlands Champion Paper, Pensacola Florida

  8. Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands Wallace & Knight, 2006

  9. Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetland Wildflower Meadows: 90-person treatment system

  10. Vertical Flow Wetland IWA, 2000

  11. Vertical Flow Wetland Rousillon, France

  12. Sludge Dewatering Reed Bed Skovby, Denmark: 8000-person treatment wetland Kadlec & Wallace, 2008

  13. Main Treatment Mechanisms • Adsorption of dissolved-phase hydrocarbons • Contaminant retention time much greater than hydraulic retention time • Microbial degradation of organic compounds • Settling of particulate compounds • Oxidation and reduction of nitrogen compounds • Precipitation of metals • Use of intensification methods (aeration and reactive medias to accelerate treatment)

  14. Natural vs. Mechanical Systems Energy and O&M Needs LEAST MOST Mechanical Treatment Systems Intensified Wetlands Natural Systems Area Requirements MOST LEAST

  15. Treatment Wetland Design Basis • Tanks-in-series, N typically ranges from 3 to 6 • Value of N is different for reactive chemicals vs. tracers • Spatial variability of biodegradation rate represented by P • Important for complex organic chemistries (such as produced waters

  16. Climate Range of Treatment Wetlands Wellsville, New York Northern Sahara, Libya

  17. Casper, Wyoming Casper

  18. BP – Casper, Wyoming Refinery • Operated 1912 to 1991 • 37,000 m3 of LNAPL recovered to date • Extensive smear zone due to river flooding • 50 to 100 years to remediate site • High mountain west: -35oC

  19. BP – Casper Wyoming Refinery

  20. Casper Reuse Plan HSSF Wetlands SF Wetlands

  21. Casper Pilot Wetland System • 4 cells • With and without insulating mulch • Vertical upward flow • With and without aeration Phytokinetics, Inc.

  22. Casper Rate Coefficients kA, m/yr, based on 3 TIS Wallace & Kadlec, 2005

  23. Full-Size System from Pilot Data Wallace & Kadlec, 2005

  24. Casper Intensified Wetland Cell

  25. Wetland Aeration System

  26. Casper System Construction

  27. Casper Benzene Data 2004 - 2006 Benzene effluent at Outfall 001 consistently below detection levels <0.01 mg/L

  28. Wellsville, New York Wellsville

  29. Wellsville Wetland System

  30. Wellsville Treatment Concept • Cascade Aerators (iron oxidation) • Sedimentation Pond (iron precipitation and settling) • Surface Flow Wetlands (hydrocarbon removal) • Vertical Flow Wetlands (pH adjustment)

  31. November 2008 Start Up • Cold climate design (ice formation) • Thermal calculations necessary

  32. Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)

  33. Surface Flow Wetlands (Hydrocarbon Removal)

  34. Vertical Flow Wetlands for Alkalinity Addition Wellsville New York Wallace et al., 2011

  35. Wellsville New York pH Buffering

  36. Overall Wellsville System

  37. Conclusions • Industrial treatment wetlands are already being used in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia • Surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, vertical flow, and intensified wetlands are all being used by industry • Use of wetlands for industrial treatment wetlands is increasing on two major fronts: • Range of applications in different industries • Construction of wetlands in different geographic regions

  38. Thank you for your time Treatment Wetlands for Industry

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