The Road to War

1. The Road to War 1933-1940

2. The Development of Totalitarianism • Kellog-Briand Pact-never make war again and to settle all disputes by peaceful means (1929)-still permitted a defensive war • worked in a world that wanted peace-3 countries do not-Japan, Germany, Italy • Japan-attacks Manchuria-September 1931 • Stimson Doctrine-US would not recognize any gains made by force • Japan ignores and sets up a puppet state • The League of Nations criticizes-Japan quits the League • Japan begins to build its Navy • <Henry L. Stimson

3. The Development of Totalitarianism • Fascism develops in Europe • 1. <Adolf Hitler-der Fuhrer- in Germany (1933) • 2. Benito Mussolini in Italy (1922) • 3. Francisco Franco in Spain (1939) • Totalitarianism-dictatorships with complete control over the people of a Nation • Fascism-state more important than the individual and a nation should have a strong central government headed by a dictator • Nazi Party-Hitler’s Party in Germany-Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party

4. The Aggressions Begin • Italy attacks Ethiopia (1934)-Mussolini wants to regain the Roman Empire • by 1936-Ethiopia is annexed • League of Nations does not act-made Italy the aggressor, applied sanctions, arms embargo, boycott • League is useless for preventing war • <Benito Musslini-il Duce

5. The Aggression Begins • Hitler Arms the Rhineland (1935) • 1936-sends troops in • if Britain and France moved troops in-Hitler would have probably backed down • no action taken • <Map of Germany 1939 • Slide presentation of Hitler’s Aggression to simulate Foreign Policy advisors

6. America stays Neutral • US recognizes the USSR-1933-used to try to check Japanese in Asia • Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934)-President has the power to lower tariffs by 50%-Secretary of State-Cordell Hull-signed more than 20 of these • Good Neighbor Policy-continued the policy of Coolidge and Hoover • <Secretary of State Cordell Hull

7. Isolationism • Nye Committee-Gerald Nye-Senator from North Dakota • 1934-investigated the reasons the United States entered World War I • findings-certain American Corporations, particularly those in banking and munitions, made a lot of money off WWI • ???Corporations urged Wilson for war to profit • “merchants of death” to a lot of corporation • Gerald Nye

8. Neutrality Acts • First in 1935-once President declared a country at war, the United States could not ship or sell arms to them • Second in 1936-prohibits extending loans and credit as well • Third in 1937-extended to those in Civil War (Spanish Civil War)-1st and 2nd permanent • goods other than weapons on <“cash and carry” basis

9. Spanish Civil War • Army uprising against the Republican Government • Francisco Franco as a fascist leader backed by Hitler and Mussolini • vs. The Republican Government backed by the Soviets-US could not give full support because they looked Communist • US-Abraham Lincoln Brigade-3000 volunteers on Republican side • Hitler and Mussolini cement friendship for the Rome-Berlin Axis alliance • "Our regime is based on bayonets and blood, not on hypocritical elections."Francisco Franco

10. Isolationism challenged • “China Incident”-July 1937-China and Japan clash near Beijing-Japan took most of coast • US in favor of China-Japan called it an incident-Neutrality Act not invoked- • continue sending supplies, helped China to arm- built the Burma Road-700 miles long supply highway • Map of China Incident-Japan aggression

11. Isolationism Challenged • <Quarantine Speech-October 5, 1937 • expressed fears of the international situation and behavior of Germany, Italy, Japan • wanted to isolate the aggressors with other Democracies in the world • most disagree with this position-not neutral anymore

12. Isolationism Challenged • <Panay Incident-December 12, 1937 • Yangtze River-gunboat, and 3 oil tankers escorting-attacked without warning-2 servicemen killed- • legal right to be there-Japan apologized at once-pay and punish those responsible • US accepts-poll stated, one month after, 70% felt better to leave China than fight the Japanese

13. The Crisis Deepens • Hitler takes Austria in 1938- “Anchluss”- without opposition • Hitler threatens Czechoslovakia -excuse-3m Germans lived in the Sudetenland • Czechs refuse to give in-Soviet Union and French alliances • Hitler ultimatum-surrender or fight • Hitler agrees to a conference to be held in Munich-includes: <Hitler, Prime Minister-Neville Chamberlain (England), Premier Edward Daladier • dismember Czechoslovakia-Sudetenland to Germany, Poland and Hungary took some • postponed the war-APPEASEMENT • Neville Chamberlain Speech

14. Hitler begins the Final Solution • Persecution of the Jews- • 1933-national economic boycott • forbidden to enter or remain in the medical field, legal profession, or obtain business licenses • All Jewish teachers and civil service employees were fired • The Nuremberg Laws-1935-took away political rights and citizenship • expelled from German Schools and denied Medical care • segregated on trains and other transportation • <Nazi Book Burning of Jewish and Communist Authors in 1933

15. The Beginning of the Final Solution • The Nuremberg Laws (Continued) • Could only shop during special hours and had to be off the street at 8 PM • <all Jews over the age of 6 had to wear a star of David on their chest • Jews and “Aryans” (non-Jews to Hitler) were prevented from marrying • Jews who left Germany were not allowed to take any property • later-Jews had to register everything they owned

16. The Beginning of the Final Solution • Produced refugees-many German Jews hoped Nazis would go away • Great Britain agrees to accept 80,000 refugees-60,000 fled to US-little or no help from Roosevelt-already had a huge unemployment problem • those who did leave included-to US-<Albert Einstein, conductor Arturo Toscanini, author Thomas Mann, physicist Enrico Fermi, architect Walter Gropius • Albert Einstein speaking on the Holocaust

17. The Crisis Deepens • Japan continues assault on China, Indochina, and threatened the Philippines and East Indies • Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1938 • Hitler threatens Poland-Allies draw the line here • Soviet Union-<Josef Stalin distrusts Britain and France • feared they wanted USSR to take full impact of Hitler attack • August 23, 1939-signs the Non-aggression Pact with Hitler • Hitler no longer fears Soviets • demands land from Poland (refuses) -attacks Poland

18. World War II Begins • On September 1, 1939- Hitler attacks Poland • Britain and France declared War on September 3, 1939 • Roosevelt sided with the British but vowed to remain neutral • <invasion of Poland

19. The War in Europe • The Battle of France • April, 1940-Denmark and Norway are invaded • a month later-Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France • England’s Prime Minister-<Winston Churchill and France’s Premier Paul Reynard beg Roosevelt for help • can’t help them • Battle of France strategy and battle

20. The War in Europe • France surrenders-Hitler gets same car on the same spot at the same time for France to sign an armistice in as in 1918 • Terms of Armistice-Germany gets-North of the Loire River, entire Atlantic Coast, remainder would be a “self-governed” area called Vichy France • World is stunned by blitzkrieg of France-only Britain stood between Hitler and the United States

21. The War in Europe • The Battle of Britain • Air war-summer and autumn of 1940 • 2600 bombers-August 15-1000 bombed Britain • every night for 2 months-bombed London • Radar saved Britain • continue throughout the winter • Japan joins the Axis • <London during the Battle • Winston Churchill’s Speech

22. America Prepares for War • US declares economic war • Roosevelt is so concerned with course of war-decides to break tradition • Runs for a third term-Republicans nominate <Wendell Wilkie- • Roosevelt wins on- “Your boys are not going to be sent to any foreign war.”