圖案辨識 : 獨家創新 力學說的 理論基礎 Pattern Recognition : Theoretical Basis of Our Unique Creativity Theory

1. 國立成功大學 三創課程 民國98年11月6日 圖案辨識 : 獨家創新力學說的理論基礎 Pattern Recognition : Theoretical Basis of Our Unique Creativity Theory 洪正幸Felix T. Hong, M.D., Ph.D. Dept of Physiology Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201 USA fhong@med.wayne.edu 國立成功大學三創中心 Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center 701 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan , Taiwan niaomi@sbcglobal.net

2. 知與識 (知道與辨識)Knowing and Recognizing 「發現就是看到每個人都曾看過的，但是想到沒人想過的。」 “Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” Albert Szent-Györgi

3. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection • French mathematician Henri Poincaré’s reported his introspection of mathematical discoveries. • (Original French version, published in Paris, 1908) The Centennial Anniversary of the Publication ofThe Foundations of Science

4. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection 就在我離開我居住的Caen(法國北部)，準備去參加一個由礦業學校主辦的地質學之旅的時候。 Just at this time I left Caen, where I was then living, to go on a geologic excursion under the auspices of the school of mines.

5. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection 參加旅行的心態轉變讓我暫時拋棄了我原本的數學研究。抵達Coutances後，我們上了巴士，要到別的地方去。 The changes of travel made me forget my mathematical work. Having reached Coutances, we entered an omnibus to go some place or other.

6. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection 就在我要踏上巴士的那一刻，突然靈機一動，產生一個跟我以前所做思考亳無關聯的奇想，就是Fuchsian functions與non-Euclidean Geometry (非歐幾何)的transformation演算方法相同，而可以相互套用。 At the moment when I put my foot on the step the idea came to me, without anything in my former thoughts seeming to have paved the way for it, that the transformations I had used to define the Fuchsian functions were identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry.

7. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection 當我坐在巴士上時，因我已開始與人聊天，而沒有時間去驗證這個想法，但我覺得仍有相當的把握。在我返回Caen之後，為了讓自己心安，我隨即從容地驗證演算的結果確實無誤。 I did not verify the idea; I should not have had time, as, upon taking my seat in the omnibus, I went on with a conversation already commenced, but I felt a perfect certainty. On my return to Caen, for conscience’ sake I verified the result at my leisure.

8. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection • 他談到闡明之前的蘊釀期中的 “持久而無意識的工作”。 • He referred to the period of incubation prior to illumination as “long, unconscious prior work.”

9. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection • 他也談到無意識的思考就像 “潛意識的自我”也有辨識能力 (也就是有洞察力)。 • He also referred to the unconscious mind as the “subliminal self,” which was capable of “discernment” ([pattern] recognition).

10. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection • 他懷疑潛意識的自我比意識清醒的自我更知道如何思考推測，因為它在意識清醒的自我失敗之處獲得成功。 • He suspected that [the subliminal self] knows better how to divine than the conscious self, since it succeeds where that has failed.

11. Henri Poincaré’s 1908 Introspection • 他提出一個問題: “潛意識的自我難到不比意識清醒的自我優秀嗎?” • He raised the question: “is not the subliminal self superior to the conscious self?”

12. Wallas’ Four Phase Model • 準備期Preparation • 醞釀期Incubation • 闡明期Illumination (頓悟Eureka!) • 驗證期Verification

13. Blind Search 盲目搜尋 Selection 篩選 Retention 闡明保存 The Chance-Configuration Modelof Dean Simonton

14. Blind Search 盲目搜尋 Selection 篩選 Retention 闡明保存 Random Mutation 隨機變異 Natural Selection 物競天擇 Reproduction 繁殖複製 The Chance-Configuration Modelof Dean Simonton

15. 解題有如圖案識別Problem Solving as Pattern Recognition • 題目 = Pattern = Lock(鎖) • 可行的答案 = Templates = Keys(鑰匙) • 解題Problem solving = Pattern Recognition (圖案識別) • 關鍵點: 有兩種圖案識別 • In the course of my attempts to decipher the enigma of creativity, I realized that a problem can be regarded as a pattern, and problem solving is finding a template that can fit the pattern. • The key to the answer: distinguishing two types of pattern recognition.

16. The Chance-Configuration Modelof Dean Simonton • Search-and-Match Phase 搜尋與搭配階段 • Verification-Retention Phase 驗證與保存階段

17. Blind Search 盲目搜尋 Heuristic Search 啟發式搜尋 Dogmatism (self-imposed constraint) 教條主義(自我設限) Too large 太大 Acceptable 可接受 Too small 太小 Defining the Search Space

18. What is So Special About Pattern Recognition? • Rule-based pattern recognition: keyword matching Objective criteria do not tolerable ambiguity or imprecision. • Picture-based pattern recognition: matching by images matching by analogy Subjective criteria allow for an enormous latitude of ambiguity and imprecision.

19. 兩種圖案識別Two Types of Pattern Recognition • 數位式圖案識別 Rule-based (digital) pattern recognition • 類比式圖案識別 Picture-based (analog) pattern recognition

20. How Did Dumb High-Achiever at WSU Solve a Problem? • They recognized only pre-existing, well defined patterns. They got lost when patterns were distorted or did not fit any known ones. • I called that rule-based reasoning 規則式思考 (also known as verbal thinking 語言式思考 in the literature). • Dumb high-achievers practiced digital pattern recognition 數位式圖案識別.

21. How did geniuses solve a problem? • Geniuses transformed a problem into a picture, and looked at the entire picture as a whole (Gestalt psychology). • Geniuses did not stick to rigid rules, and could recognize distorted patterns in accordance with their gut feeling. • I called that picture-based reasoning 圖像式思考(also known as visual thinking 視覺式思考in the literature). • Geniuses practiced analog pattern recognition 類比式圖案識別.

22. 兩種圖案識別：一、數位式圖案識別Two Types of Pattern Recognition:1. Digital (Rule-Based) Pattern Recognition • 關鍵字辨讖 • 文字類比、似是而非、牛頭對馬嘴 (不會舉一反三 ) • 只有黑白之分、而無灰色鑑別 • 客觀的標準 • 不容許有誤差 • Keyword matching • Analogy by words • Black-and-white dichotomy; no sense of grayscales • Objective criteria; do not tolerable ambiguity. • Fault-intolerant

23. 數位式的圖案識別Digital Pattern Recognition • Recognition of email addresses (電子郵件地址) or telephone numbers (電話號碼) • DNA typing (DNA 鑑定)

24. 數位式的圖案識別Digital Pattern Recognition

25. 數位式的圖案識別Digital Pattern Recognition

26. 數位式的圖案識別Digital Pattern Recognition

27. 數位式的圖案識別Digital Pattern Recognition

28. 兩種圖案識別：二、類比式圖案識別Two Types of Pattern Recognition:2. Analog (picture-Based) Pattern Recognition • 圖案或圖形辨識 • 圖像類比 (會舉一反三 ) • 灰色鑑別、五十步可以笑百步。 • 主觀的標準 • 容許有誤差 • Matching by images • Analogy by pictures • Sense of grayscales • Subjective criteria; allow for an enormous latitude of ambiguity and imprecision • Fault-tolerant

29. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Female figure 女人的胴體 • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

30. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Female figure 女人的胴體 • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

31. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Female figure 女人的胴體 • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

32. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Female figure 女人的胴體 • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

33. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Female figure 女人的胴體 • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

34. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • ? • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

35. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Man’s face 男人的臉孔? • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

36. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Man’s face 男人的臉孔 • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

37. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Man’s face 男人的臉孔 • The interpretation is objective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

38. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Man’s face 男人的臉孔 • The interpretation is still objective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

39. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Man’s face 男人的臉孔 • The interpretation is somewhat objective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

40. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Man’s face 男人的臉孔? • or Female figure 或女人的胴體? • The choice is somewhat subjective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

41. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Man’s face 男人的臉孔 • or Female figure 女人的胴體? • The choice is less subjective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

42. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • A gender change? • The choice is much less subjective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

43. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Female figure 女人的胴體 • The choice is somewhat objective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

44. 類比式的圖案識別Analog Pattern Recognition • Female figure 女人的胴體 • The choice is objective. • From: P. B. Andersen, Genres as self-organizing systems, in Downward Causation • edited by P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann and P. V. Christiansen, Aarhus University Press, 2000.

45. 分子辨識Molecular Recognition Molecular recognition is accomplished by matching a finite number of recognition sites.

46. 分子辨識Molecular Recognition Molecular recognition is accomplished by matching a finite number of recognition sites.

47. 分子辨識Molecular Recognition Molecular recognition is accomplished by matching a finite number of recognition sites.

48. 分子辨識Molecular Recognition Molecular recognition is accomplished by matching a finite number of recognition sites.

49. Incompatibility of Sequential Algorithm and Pattern Recognition Linear sequential reasoning vs. Gestalt (holistic) synthesis

50. Pattern Recognition asA Holistic (Parallel) Process • The portrait of American inventor Thomas A. Edison was constructed with a sequential array of product names from JAMECO’s catalogue. • The alphabets, constituting the product names, vary in size, brightness and 3 colors. • Edison appeared to stare in the left lower direction.