ETHICS

1. ETHICS

2. Day 4 • Review of where we are at • Presentations • Review of Ethics requirements for practicums and Resource Depletion task • Check on RD questionnaire

3. Today’s ethics objectives • Why must we conduct ethically sound research? • How do we judge and monitor research for its ethical standards? • Who needs to apply? • How do you apply? • Where can you get information and assistance?

4. Why conduct ethically-sound research? • Moral obligation • Credible • Legal requirements

5. Morality and credibility It's a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty − a kind of leaning over backwards. For example, if you're doing an experiment, you should report everything that you think might make it invalid − not only what you think is right about it: other causes that could possibly explain your results; and things you thought of that you've eliminated by some other experiment, and how they worked − to make sure the other fellow can tell they have been eliminated.

6. Legal requirements • Human Rights Act • Bill of Rights Act • ACC Act • Children, Young Persons & Their Families Act • Privacy Act • Crimes Act • Official Information Act • etc.,

7. ‘Unethical’ examples • Genetic modification • “The Unfortunate Experiment” • Zimbardo (subjects acting as prisoners and guards) • Milgram (electric shock)

8. Misconduct in Research • The fabrication or falsification of data. • Plagiarism, including copying and the use of data and ideas without acknowledgement • Misleading ascription of authorship and failing to acknowledge work primarily produced by a research student/ trainee/associate; • Intentional infringements of the ethics guidelines. • Research practices which bring or are likely to bring the Institute into disrepute.

9. Misconduct Anonymous poll of 3247 scientists - % who admit having engaged in the behaviour listed within the previous 3 years (selection): 0.3%: Falsifying or “cooking″ research data 1.4%: Using another´s ideas without permission or giving credit 1.7%: Unauthorized use of confidential material for own research 4.7%: Multiple publication of the same data or results 6.0%: Failing to present data that contradict one´s previous research 10.0%: Inappropriately assigning authorship credit 10.5%: Withholding details of methodology in papers or proposals 12.5%: Overlooking other´s use of flawed data or interpretation 13.5%: Using inadequate or inappropriate research designs 15.3%: Dropping observations or data points on a “gut feeling″ 27.5%: Inadequate record keeping related to research projects

12. National standards and requirements • National guidelines for ethics committees • Health Information Privacy Code • Ministerial directives • Researcher responsibility • Professional codes of conduct/ practice/ ethics

13. Ethical considerations apply when... Humans or animals used as subjects, i.e. with: • questionnaires, interviews, focus groups • clinical trials (medical intervention) • observational studies • bodily tissues and fluids • treatments or exercises applied • genetic modification • use of personal, non-public information • using property/material which is culturally, historically or spiritually significant

14. Principles of ethically sound research • informed and voluntary consent • doesn’t breach privacy • physical and emotional harm minimisation • cultural and social sensitivity • limitation of deception • respects intellectual and cultural property ownership • avoids conflicts of interest • adequate research design to meet objectives

15. Before Collecting Data.... PRIOR APPROVAL must be SOUGHT and GAINED before research can commence

16. Consequences • With formal ethics approval: • secure legal position • ACC coverage • professional coverage • Without approval: • researcher, supervisor or even institute accepts legal liability

17. Responsibilities • Principal researcher (applicant) • apply for ethical approval • Supervisor • guide and inform student researcher • sign application • Head of Department • sign application • Ethics Committee • inform researchers and evaluate research proposals

18. Specific issues • Maori involvement • Children as subjects • Power issues • Vulnerable subjects • Overseas research

19. Ethical Dilemmas • BSocP students want to interview past or present marijuana smokers to find out what safe practices they typically use. • A teacher wants to run a focus group with her students to explore the effectiveness of different teaching strategies • A counsellor wants to use session transcripts (made for the purpose of supervision) in a project that evaluates the effectiveness of counselling • A group of women researchers want to interview men about fathering • A group of Pakeha researchers want to do research on Maori Health practices

21. Information Sheets - 1 • what the research is about • what they are being asked to do, • what the likely consequences are for them should they participate, • that there are no disadvantages/ penalties/adverse consequences to not participating or of withdrawing from the research,

22. Information Sheets -2 • any special conditions of the research that might affect their participation – eg. that there will be audio-taping or video-taping. • How participants will be informed of the results of the research • how confidentiality of information will be preserved. • a schedule for the destruction of personal identifying information.

23. Information Sheets - 3 • the researchers who will actually make direct contact with the participants, • the supervisor for the project, • the host institution for the research. • a means (for example, a telephone number) by which participants are able to be in touch with the researchers, the supervisor and the chair of the Ethics Committee to ask further questions etc, and • the UNITEC approval statement

24. Minimisation of harm • Who can be harmed? • What kind of harm could be done by our research projects? • What measures can we take to minimise harm? (q12) • sensitive topics such as sexual practices, drug taking, or illegal activities?

25. Harm or Risks of Harm • Physical Harm. It is often the case that one must do some harm in order to bring about a greater good - sports research • Psychosocial Harm. By psychosocial harm is meant everything from the invasion of privacy and the diminution of social reputation, to the creation of enduring psychological fears and confusions. • Risk of Harm. No actual harm of any sort to participants but the risk of some harm.

26. Cultural and social sensitivity • What defines culture? • What does an ethical approach to research seek to achieve with respect to culture? • What cultural ethical issues are present in our research projects? • How do we answer the cultural questions in the Ethics Application (q9 and q10)?

27. Working with the framework of the Treaty

28. Principles of Kaupapa Māori Research • Tino Rangatiratanga – The Principle of Self-determination • Taonga Tuku Iho – The Principle of Cultural Aspiration • Ako Māori – The Principle of Culturally Preferred Pedagogy • Kia piki ake i ngā raruraru o te kainga – The Principle of Socio-Economic Mediation • Whānau – The Principle of Extended Family Structure • Kaupapa - The Principle of Collective Philosophy • Te Tiriti o Waitangi – The Principle of the Treaty of Waitangi • Ata - The Principle of Growing Respectful Relationships

29. UREC ethical guidelines re Maori • The Treaty of Waitangi • Tinorangatiratanga over Maori resources • A right to a fair share of society’s benefits. • Informed consent – byindividuals and organisations (whanau, hapu or iwi ) • Genuine consultation – before, during, after • Defining, designing, Resolving potentially difficult issues. Maximising the benefits (including Maori researcher development) • Result dissemination/ownership of reports

30. Research design adequacy • Is the research question important? • Does the question justify the participants’ efforts? (q6) • Will the method we have chosen allow the necessary data to be collected? (q7, q8 a,b,e ) • Will the analysis that we undertake give answers to the question asked? (q8 f)

31. Avoidance of conflict of interest • Are there are conflict of interest issues involving money, power, status or role? (q8c) • Are there potential conflicts of interest around expectation and truth? • What do we need to put in place or identify as a process to prevent conflicts of interest? (q12)

33. Limitation of deception • Concealing your hypothesis or parts of it • Concealing who you are • Not telling participants what treatment they are on • Telling participants that something is happening when it is not • (q12)

34. Respect for rights, confidentiality and preservation of anonymity • Right to be fully informed of all the risks and potential risks • Right to be told of the results and conclusions • Confidentiality/anonymity protected within limits agreed (q15) • What information is confidential - Exceptions

36. Consent form • Title of project/Name of participant • I have seen the questions and understand the information sheet • Any questions I have about the research have been answered satisfactorily • I understand that taking part in this study is voluntary and that I may withdraw from the study at any time. • I understand that my participation in this study is confidential and that no material that could identify me will be used in any reports on this study.

37. Consent form • I also understand that the …. will be stopped if, for any reason, I require this. • I have had enough time to consider whether I wish to take part. • I am aware that I can contact the Research Coordinator, …., by telephone at …. if I have any queries about this project. • Signature of participant, researcher, dates

38. Respect for intellectual and cultural property ownership. • Acknowledgement of sources • Who owns the information you collect? • When is information in the public domain?