World War II and Its Aftermath: Aggression, Appeasement, and Allied Successes

1. Chapter 31:World War II & Its Aftermath Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes Section 4: Toward Victory Section 5: From World War To Cold War

2. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • In the 1930s, Italy, Germany, and Japan wanted to build new empires • The three nations formed an alliance known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (or Axis Powers) • They agreed to let each other attack and take over new lands

3. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • The League of nations had no power to stop the Axis Powers • Most other countries avoid conflict out of fear of war • The world was busy recovering from the Great Depression • No one tried to halt the acts of aggression that led to World War II

4. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • In 1936, civil war broke out in Spain • Italy and Germany helped General Franco gain control • Both sides used new weapons and committed horrible acts of violence • The brutal showed how much destruction a modern war could cause

5. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • German aggression continued • Britain and France still tried to keep peace through a policy of appeasement, or giving into the demand of an aggressor • The United States remained neutral

6. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • By 1939, Hitler had taken all of Austria and Czechoslovakia • It was clear that appeasement had failed • Britain and France promised to protect Poland from Nazi attack

7. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • In August of 1939, Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union • The long-time enemies agreed not to fight each other

8. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • One week after signed the non-aggression pact with the USSR, German armies invaded Poland • Britain and France kept their promise • On September 3, 1939, they declared war on Germany • World War II had begun

9. Stinks to be Poland

10. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • Aggressive Steps Toward World War II 1931 - Japan invades Manchuria 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia 1936 - Germany sends troops into the Rhineland 1937 - Japan takes over much of eastern China 1938 - Germany makes Austria part of its empire 1938 - Germany takes Sudetenland 1938 - Germany takes over Czechoslovakia 1939 - Italy takes over Albania 1939 - Germany invades Poland 1939 - Britain and France declare war

11. Section 1: Aggression, Appeasement, and War • The Big Idea: • During the 1930s, dictators undermined peace by committing acts of aggression and taking foreign lands • Throughout the 1930s, nothing stopped the acts of aggression that finally led to war

12. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances • During World War II, the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan were on one side • Allied powers of France and Britain were on the other • The Allies were soon joined by the Soviet Union, China, and the Unites States

13. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances • Axis powers wanted to conquer Europe • The Germans used a type of warfare called Blitzkrieg, or “lightning war” • Planes, and new, faster tanks swiftly took Poland

14. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances • The blitzkrieg overran much of Europe • France fell in June 1940 • Britain stood alone against the Axis

15. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances • In September 1940, Hitler began a bombing, or blitz, of London • The British Royal Air Force used newly developed radar that detected approaching aircraft • They held off the Germans

16. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances • The British, led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, would not give up • In June 1941, Hitler ended the bombing

17. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances • Then, with Britain still a threat, Hitler attacked the Soviet Union • Germany was seeking access to the Soviet Union’s vast mineral resources • The Soviets fought back, but were defeated again and again throughout 1941 • But the fiercest winter in over a century stalled the German attack and gave the Soviets time to recover • In the meantime, Britain and the USSR became allies

19. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances • The Japanese wanted control of the Pacific but felt that United States stood in their way • On December 7th, 1941, Japanese planes bombed a naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • The next day the United States declared war on Japan • Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

21. Section 2: The Global Conflict; Axis Advances Modern Tanks Walke Talkies Modern Submarines Machine Guns Modern Warfare Of World War II Radar Sonar Modern Airplanes Deadlier Bombs Medical Advances Aircraft Carriers

22. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • Germany and Japan wanted to establish total control of the people they conquered • The Germans robbed occupied lands of art and resources

24. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • Hitler planned to kill all the people he thought were “racially inferior” • Nazi racism was aimed most directly at the Jews

25. Nazi propaganda repeatedly stressed the notion that Jews were “enemies of the German people” • Jews were created as the anti-symbol • They were viewed as the embodiment of evil • To illustrate the culpability of Jews, the Nazis placed emphasis on the criminality of Jews and the conspiracy of foreign Jews against Germany.

26. The notion that Jews outside of Germany threatened a conspiracy against Germany was stressed during Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass or the November Pogrom) in November 1938 • The Nazis directed their anti-Semitic propaganda at both domestic and foreign audiences

27. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • The Nazis built concentration camps, or detention centers for civilians, where Jews were starved, shot, or gassed to death • By 1945, over six million Jews had died in what became known as the Holocaust • Gypsies, Slavs, and the mentally ill were victims too

28. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes;Concentration Camps

29. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • The Japanese were also brutal rulers • They killed and tortured prisoners • They stole food crops and forced conquered people into slave labor

30. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • Up until 1942, it looked like the Axis was winning the war • However, the Allied nations began to wage total war • Factories made tanks instead of cars • The Allies rationed goods to supply their troops • Women replaced men in jobs, served in the armed forces, and joined resistance groups

31. Wartime factory production

32. Rationing

33. Women in the Workforce

34. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • Even democratic nations limited civil rights during wartime • A fear of spies led the United States to force many Japanese Americans to in in relocation camps

35. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • By 1942, Allied victories turned the tide of the war • The first turning points came in North Africa, Italy, and the Soviet Union

36. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • Battle of El Alamein (1942)

42. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • Battle of Stalingrad

50. Section 3: The Global Conflict; Allied Successes • Invasion of Italy