Wiesner, Windle & Freeman, 2005 – Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

1. Wiesner, Windle & Freeman, 2005 – Journal of Occupational Health Psychology April 16, 2008 By XXXXXX

2. Situational Contributors • Substance Use • Depression

3. Current Study • Work stress, substance use, and depression among young adult workers: An examination of main and moderator effect models • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEfx8I5PgtY&feature=related (work stress about 1.5 minutes) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buiq_mMjhQY&feature=related (work stress – violence 1 min)

4. Background • Work-stress paradigm Stress on the job results in increased psychological problems and risky-health related behaviors

5. General Questions • Does the type of job stress matter? • Are there moderators between job stress and these outcomes? • Does the type of measurement matter?

6. Hypotheses • 1) Job stress leads to increased : • A) alcohol consumptions • B) drug use • C) depressive symptoms • 2) Are the relationship in H1 moderated by gender and intrinsic work motivation? • 3) Do the relationship in H1 differ when A, B, and C are measured in different ways? • 4) What happens when you control for possible confounding variables?

7. Hypotheses - results • 1) Job stress leads to increased : • A) alcohol consumptions (weak – yes) • B) drug use (medium – yes) • C) depressive symptoms (strong - yes) • 2) Are the relationship in H1 moderated by gender and intrinsic work motivation? (yes – on gender for 1A and 1B; yes - on motivation for 1B and 1C) • 3) Do the relationship in H1 differ when job stress, A, B, and C are measured in different ways? (yes) • 4) What happens when you control for possible confounding variables? (this greatly reduced 1A and 1B, but not 1C as much)

8. Methods • Cross-sectional survey – part of a longitudinal study started in 1988 (wave 5) • n = 583 • 57.5% women • Mean age = 23.68 (1.28) • 71.2% full-time • Variety of jobs (management/professional = 30.4%; service = 16.5%; sales/office = 16.5%, etc.)

9. Methods • Job Stress: • High workload • High cognitive demands • High job boredom • Low skill variety • Low autonomy • Substance Use • Alcohol • Standard quantity-frequency index (QFI) • Binge drinking episodes • Heavy alcohol use • Drug • Drug use • Heavy drug use (dichotomize of drugs use) • Depression • Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) • Serious depressive symptomatology (dichotomize CES-D)

10. Findings – main effects • Job Stress: • High workload • High cognitive demands • High job boredom • Low skill variety • Low autonomy • Substance Use • Alcohol • Standard quantity-frequency index (QFI) • Binge drinking episodes • Heavy alcohol use • Drug • Drug use • Heavy drug use (dichotomize of drugs use) • Depression • Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) • Serious depressive symptomatology (dichotomize CES-D)

11. Findings – gender (male) • Job Stress: • High workload (?) • High cognitive demands • High job boredom • Low skill variety • Low autonomy • Substance Use • Alcohol • Standard quantity-frequency index (QFI) • Binge drinking episodes • Heavy alcohol use • Drug • Drug use • Heavy drug use (dichotomize of drugs use) • Depression • Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) • Serious depressive symptomatology (dichotomize CES-D)

12. Findings – low motivation • Job Stress: • High workload • High cognitive demands • High job boredom • Low skill variety • Low autonomy • Substance Use • Alcohol • Standard quantity-frequency index (QFI) • Binge drinking episodes • Heavy alcohol use • Drug • Drug use • Heavy drug use (dichotomize of drugs use) – lowed risk • Depression • Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) • Serious depressive symptomatology (dichotomize CES-D)

13. Findings – high motivation • Job Stress: • High workload • High cognitive demands • High job boredom • Low skill variety • Low autonomy • Substance Use • Alcohol • Standard quantity-frequency index (QFI) • Binge drinking episodes • Heavy alcohol use • Drug • Drug use • Heavy drug use (dichotomize of drugs use) • Depression • Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) • Serious depressive symptomatology (dichotomize CES-D)

14. Findings – in the end • Job Stress: • High workload • High cognitive demands • High job boredom • Low skill variety • Low autonomy • Substance Use • Alcohol • Standard quantity-frequency index (QFI) • Binge drinking episodes • Heavy alcohol use • Drug • Drug use • Heavy drug use (dichotomize of drugs use) • Depression • Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) • Serious depressive symptomatology (dichotomize CES-D)

15. So What? • Does the type of job stress matter? • Yes it does. • Are there moderators between job stress and these outcomes? • Yes, and these need to accounted for. • Does the type of measurement matter? • Yes, it does.

16. Limitations • 1) Homogenous Sample – all young adults (age restriction) • 2) Measures – all self-reports • 3) Correlation – not causation

17. Final Thoughts • Job stress is important • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUQ18ROcZQg (3 min – when stressed, here are some alternative to destructive behaviors)