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The War of 1812: America's Fight for Neutrality

This chapter explores the reasons behind the War of 1812, including British blockades and the impressment of American sailors. The War Hawks push for war, and the U.S. faces challenges on land and at sea. Despite a lack of clear goals, the war ends with the Treaty of Ghent, and the Battle of New Orleans becomes a final triumph.

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The War of 1812: America's Fight for Neutrality

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  1. CHAPTER 6 “Launching a New Nation”

  2. CHAPTER 6 – SECTION 4 The War of 1812

  3. At this time in Europe… • Britain and France are at it again….WAR! • Jefferson, now in his 2nd term, says… We will remain neutral!! But when Britain and France decide to blockade (prevent ships from leaving/entering) each other’s ports….

  4. U.S. Shipping is Affected: • By 1807, Britain and France seize 1,500 American ships and all their cargoes. • British begin the impressment of our sailors (they kidnap them and force them to join the British navy) • The Chesapeake Incident (June 1807) British open fire on US ship for refusing to allow them to search it for deserters

  5. The U.S. Response • Jefferson passes the Embargo Act of 1807 • Definition: Ban on exports to Europe • Goal: Boost US production and hurt Europe’s trade & economy • Impact: US economy falls apart. Oops. NOTE: Many see this as Jefferson’s one major mistake. Congress would cancel this Embargo after only 2 yrs.

  6. America is also affected by… Indian Chief Tecumseh and his brother “The Prophet” • These Shawnee chiefs tried to inspire Native American tribes: • To Form a Confederacy (alliance of all tribes) • Get weapons and supplies from the British • To defend their lands once and for all from American settlement They fail - because many tribes have already sold their land in treaties to the U.S. Bummer.

  7. The U.S. Response Battle of Tippecanoe The Prophet leads an attack on General William Henry Harrison & his troops in (today’s) Indiana. In the resulting battle, the Shawnee capital is burnt to the ground and Indian resistance crushed. The worst part: British guns are found on them.

  8. The War Hawks Young rowdy Congressmen like John C. Calhoun say there is only one thing to do: DECLARE WAR ON BRITAIN!! DECLARE WAR ON BRITAIN!! DECLARE WAR ON BRITAIN!! With mottoes like “On to Canada!”, they become known as: The WarHawks

  9. War Against Britain – Round 2 President James Madison asks Congress to declare war in the spring of 1812. June 1812 – Congress declares war!! However, is the young United States prepared for another large-scale war?

  10. wKnowledge Checkpoint 1 • Why does U.S. neutrality become more and more difficult to maintain? • What are 2 ways the British are instigating our young nation? • Who are the War Hawks and what do they want? (Next….Round 2……FIGHT!!!! )

  11. The First Actions of War • Britain descends from Canada to take Detroit with relative ease • The U.S. fail to invade Canada and take Montreal • The U.S. re-take Detroit after regaining control of Great Lakes • Tecumseh and British-allied Indians are killed at the Battle of the Thames O B _/ O M

  12. The War At Sea • U.S. Navy tests its 3 powerful 44-cannon frigates – warships (ex: USS Constitution) • Oliver Hazard Perry wins several key battles on Great Lakes • British heavily outnumber U.S. Navy and blockade entire East Coast

  13. Wascally Wedcoats • British raid and burn towns up and down Atlantic Coast (August 1814) • British surround Washington, D.C. and burn the city (including the White House) But that’s our wonderful capital city!! This is oh so very upsetting…..

  14. She Saves the Day • The American government leaders literally ran out one end of the city as the British approached and began burning the other • Dolly Madison ran back into the White House and ordered servants to bring out important documents, especially THE most famous painting of President George Washington

  15. An Anthem is Born • Battle of Baltimore (Sept 15, 1814) - British bomb Ft. McHenry outside city • After 25 hrs, the “flag was still there”!! • Francis Scott Key, local lawyer, witnessed this from a ship • He writes the Star Spangled Banner, today’s National Anthem

  16. Interest in War Falters British: • Parliament loses interest in this 2nd war • Lack of money again an issue • Napoleon and France still a bigger enemy United States: • Most citizens unaffected • Also a lack of money and support • No real clear goals or advantages

  17. The War of 1812 ends • At the Treaty of Ghent (Dec 24, 1814), Britain and U.S. sign an armistice (cease fire) • Agreements: 1. Captured lands will be returned to both sides 2. Boundaries will remain the same So, what was the point of fighting at all, with no outcome affecting either side?

  18. One last hurrah… Battle of New Orleans (Jan 8, 1815) • Fought 2 weeks after the peace treaty signed WHY? That makes no sense? • Info took a month or two to cross the oceans (no cell phones) • General Andrew Jackson defends city, losing only dozens killed vs. hundreds of British NOTE: This battle, though a morale boost for America, had no real effect on the outcome of the war.

  19. Following the war… • 1815 – Trade reopens • 1817 – Rush-Bagot Agreement limits # of warships on Great Lakes • 1818 – LA Purchase’s northern boundary set at 49th parallel latitude • 1820’s – Agreement to share Oregon Territory • British abandon all frontier forts over time • A friendship begins, today: our closest ally

  20. wKnowledge Checkpoint 2 • In what way did the British humiliate the U.S. during this war? • What makes the Battle of New Orleans unique? • Why do you think many historians call the War of 1812 “The Forgotten War”? (Next….Round 3….When the Spice Girls go on an American tour they plant nuclear devices in their thongs, alarming citizens)

  21. The End

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