Energy Independence in SLO County: A Hybrid Solution for a Hybrid Problem

1. Energy Independence in SLO County: A Hybrid Solution for a Hybrid Problem Presents

2. Welcome to the year 2050… • The engineers who graduated in the year 2005 are reaching retirement. • What does SLO county look like? • What are the energy usage needs, and how are they being met?

3. A Complex Solution to a Complex Problem • The engineers at the turn of the 21st century faced a monumental challenge. • No Trival “fix all” solution • Multifaceted approach: • New technologies for efficient usage • Clean, renewable and localized generation • Focus on end use specific energy sources

4. The Big Breakthrough: • Engineers of the turn of the century focused on searching for a single solution for all energy needs. • Fundamental paradigm shift occurred when engineers realized that the solution was to apply solutions specific to the energy need

5. SLO County in 2050 looks much like Santa Barbara County did in 2005 • Population doubled to 500,000 • 2.5 people per home => ~200,000 homes • Small but growing industries • Extensive agriculture, especially wine • Busy localized commercial centers • Transportation along 101 corridor and within town

7. Lets take a a closer look around the year 2050 to see how these needs are being met

8. Transforming the Face of Residential Building • Overview • Zero Net Energy Buildings • Building Integrated Photovoltaics and integrated Climate Control • Policy and Business Trends

9. Zero Net Energy Buildings:The mantra of the 2010s • Incremental improvements in building energy use in terms of thermal insulation, lighting and appliance efficiency converge with onsite generation yielding zero net energy buildings http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/building_america/pdfs/35851_ba_puts_research.pdf

10. Multiple Approaches to reducing Residential Energy Consumption • Solar thermal collectors • Hot water and radiant space heating • Structurally insulated panels and composite materials • Passive and solid-state lighting

11. PV- Where we stood in 2005 • 2nd generation PV technologies were moving along at a rapid clip. • University and private sector laboratories were already demonstrating working examples of 3rd generation technologies. • Thermophotonics • Enhanced electron-hole generation • Hot electron carriers • Organic semiconductors • We reach the DOE target of $0.33/W by 2014

12. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) • Cost effective thin-film and organic photovoltaic applications drive a whole new technology sector. • The progression  solar shingles  standing seam PV panels  entire building skins made entirely BIPV material

13. Important business trends change the face of residential homes In 2018, SLO County Entrepreneurs Winton Salisbury and Ai Lacson patent a revolutionary vapor-deposition technique creating a durably encapsulated organic solar cell that cells for $50 a square meter at 20%

14. Policy • California Energy Commission sets the stage with the Emerging Renewables program • The county stimulates this transition with regulations and incentives • PV Cost & Profit Share program is a huge success • Surprisingly, governmental agencies are the first to show that PV pays. • By 2020, virtually all SLO County public schools, courthouses and federal buildings are ZNE

15. By 2050, the many communities of SLO County eliminate their residences from the larger energy burden.

16. Unfortunately, by 2050, 70s fashion is back…yet again.

17. SLO Business and Offices in 2050 Source:www.voicenet.com/ ~rbbb/aTele.html

18. Energy Use in Offices and Retail Stores　back in 2005 • Spent nearly ¾ of energy in heating, cooling, and lighting • These are the areas that we needed to work on [2] Energy consumption in retail buildings, by end use, for climate zone 4 Source: NSTAR http://www.nstaronline.com/ [1] Source: Laurence Livermore National Laboratory

19. Proposed energy solutions for commercial buildings • Photovoltaic as building material • Solar water heating • Geothermal heat pumping • Cogeneration • Solid state lighting (LED) • Energy efficient high performance buildings

20. Let’s look at following three technologies: • Geothermal heat pumping • Cogeneration • Solid state lighting (LED)

21. Geothermal Resources • State of California has a large geothermal resource • The Geysers Plants in Lake county - the largest geothermal electricity producer in the world • SLO county makes direct use of hot springs California Geothermal Resources Publication No. - INEEL/MISC-03-01044 Rev. 1 November 2003 The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Geothermal Technologies Program

22. Types of Geothermal Use • Geothermal electricity generation • Large scale power plant exploits heat energy in deep underground • In year 2005, SLO county was not a location of pick due to a lack of large high heat reservoir • But, by year 2050, a technology break through made this feasible also in SLO county • Direct use • Hot springs, swing pools, and fish farming • Heating of buildings and green houses • Geothermal heat pumps • There is no geothermal reservoirnecessary • Applications for home, businesses, and offices

23. Geothermal Heat Pump • It takes advantage of the stable underground temperature (typically 50F – 60F) all year around • The vertical boreholes are typically 100 to 400 ft. deep • As a heat source, it warms buildings in winter • As a heat sink, it cools them in summer . Source: http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/geoheatpumps.html

24. Geothermal Heat Pump • Advantages • 35-50% of electric energy saving compared to conventional heating & cooling systems • Because of a closed loop circulation, it saves water (that would have evaporated in chilled water AC system) • Heat goes into underground, thus alleviates the heat island problem • No emissions Source: http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/geoheatpumps.html

25. Court St. Downtown Shopping Center • Copeland Sports Corp • built a multi-commercial complex (including shopping, restaurant, office and parking garage) in Downtown SLO in 2005 • Geothermal heat pump (GHP) facility is located in the parking garage which was bought by SLO county • GHP assists heating and cooling needs of office spaces • 16 pumps circulate water through the system of looped piping placed in 50 vertically drilled boreholes 300 ft deep • Underground temperature is around 62°F all year around Source: Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004

26. Court St. Downtown Shopping Center • Economically feasible • The system cost $218,000, but the annual savings made it a 16-year payback • Environmentally friendly • Save 20,000 lbs of CO2 in the air annually • Save18,000 lbs of SO2 in the air annually • Save about 10,000 gal. of water annually Source: Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004

27. Cogeneration • Also known as CHP (Combined Heat and Power) • Natural gas turbine turns a generator to produce electricity • High efficiency up to 90% (by reuse of exhaust heat) • 25% electrical generation • 65% heat generation • 10% energy loss • Exhaust heat is be recycled for hot water and heating during winter time Source: Building for a Future Magazine, http://www.newbuilder.co.uk/bffmag/winter03/1-21.pdf

28. County Gov. Campus • Cogeneration power plant started operating in 2005: • located in a county administration building in Monterey St • Serves the old courthouse, the annex, and the library • Three 200KW units, fueled by natural gas, provide 45 to 55% of all electricity needs • The exhaust heat is reused to provide hot water and heating during winter to the campus Source: Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004

29. County Gov. Campus • The system costs $1.7 million • Public Utilities Commission gave the county a $500K rebate • With rebate the payback is 7 to 9 years • $200K annual saving in electricity bill Source: Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004

30. Bio-Cogeneration • Cogeneration by renewable fuel • Natural gas is still fossil fuel even though it produce less CO2 than oil or coal • In year 2050, a cogeneration technology of 2005 was replaced by bio-cogeneration • Stirling engine • External (rather than internal) combustion engine • Capable of using a wide range of different fuels: hydrogen; natural and LP gas; bio-gas (methane); bio-diesel; ethanol; woodchip; straw; or even cow dung, with modification of course Source: Building for a Future Magazine, http://www.newbuilder.co.uk/bffmag/winter03/1-21.pdf http://travel.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine1.htm

31. Bio-gas from Landfill • In year 2050, SLO county has more facilities producing more bio-gas • Example: Cold Canyon Landfill in 2005 • Collecting gas and selling to a nearby oil field • The gas consists of 50% methane and 50% CO2 • The oil field facility uses it as fuel for steam powered oil pumps • Replaced about 20% of the fuel used • The money earned from the sale of the gas is used to pay for the gas collection system Source: http://www.coldcanyonlandfill.com/gassystem.htm

32. Solid State Lighting • Realistic expectation of 50% reduction in used power for lighting, leading to 10% reduction of total electricity use • Significant increase in device lifetime compared to incandescent bulbs • Independent control of mixing colors http://lighting.sandia.gov/Xlightingoverview.htm

33. SLO Business and Offices in 2050 • Photovoltaic in building walls and roofs • Geothermal heat pumps for heating and cooling • Bio-cogeneration • Solid state lighting replaced all incandescent and florescence lightings • Energy efficient high performance buildings

34. Agriculture and Manufacturing Industries in 2050

35. Agriculture and Manufacturing in 2050 • More people = more jobs • Sources energy: biodiesel, geothermal energy and photovoltaics. • Agriculture: • fruit and nut crops • Vegetable crops • Field crops (mostly grazing land) • Animal industry • Maufacturing: • Over 500 establishments • Food, printing and related support activities, chemical mfg, etc.

36. Agriculture:energy usage • On farm irrigation • Field equipment • Tractors, tillage equipment • Greenhouses • Heating and cooling systems • Ranch water hole • Water pumped from a well

37. Agriculture: Biodiesel • Biodiesel: • Farmers use biodiesel to run the field equipment, pumping systems for irrigation, and the greenhouse cooling and heating systems (in the evening). • Algae : • A portion of the land is used for the algae ponds. • Algae farms are constructed to use waste streams (either human waste or animal waste from animal farms) and sea water as a food source. • Nutrients are extracted from the algae for the production of a fertilizer high in nitrogen and phosphorous.

38. Agriculture: Biodiesel contd. • Mustard seed: • Wine producers grow mustard in the off season in between the vines. • A growing demand for organic pesticides provides the primary incentive to farmers and crushers. • The mustard oil is a low value waste product because it's inedible. • Mustard oils contain as much as 90% monosaturated fatty acids.

39. Agriculture: Photovoltaics • Photovoltaics are a natural fit for agriculture due to their existence in rural areas. • Solar heat collectors are used to dry crops and warm homes, livestock buildings, and greenhouses. • Solar water heaters provide hot water for dairy operations, pen cleaning, and homes. • Photovoltaics (solar electric panels) power farm operations and remote water pumps, lights, and electric fences.

40. Manufacturing

41. Transportation • Transportation history (in 2005) • Need for change • Alternative Technologies • Hydrogen fuel cells • Transportation today (in 2050)

42. SLO Transportation in 2005 Employees and Students(20,000 people in 2004) http://www.afd.calpoly.edu Nearly half of populationin SLO commute to work(107,000 people in 2000) http://factfinder.census.gov

43. Why change? • Yesterday’s cars relied on gasoline from petroleum oil, a fossil fuel • Became more expensive and less available • Not sustainable • Produced toxic emissions • Transportation accounted for two-thirds of U.S. petroleum use • Driving 14,000 miles in a car getting 20 MPG, the average Californian used 700 gallons of fuel annually

44. Sustainable Alternatives • Hydrogen Fuel Cell • Requires hydrogen fuel (natural gas, biomass, water) • 40-60% efficient, twice that of combustion engines • Almost zero toxic emissions • Bio-Diesel • Requires bio-fuel (algae, vegetable oil, animal fat) • 35% more efficient than standard gasoline • Very little toxic emissions • Electric and Hybrid Cars • Runs with battery, requires electricity for charging • Almost zero toxic emissions http://www.eere.energy.gov

45. Fuel Cell Technology Hydrogen containing liquid or gas enters anode catalyst, and splits into a proton and electron. Proton passes through electrolyte to combine with oxygen and form water. Electron leaves anode in form of electric current. http://www.greenjobs.com

46. Creating Hydrogen Fuel • Convert natural gas/methane into hydrogen and carbon monoxide by catalyst reactions • Breaks down biomass into hydrogen using gasification • Split water into hydrogen and oxygen • Electrolysis uses electrical current • Steam Electrolysis uses heat and electrical current • Thermochemical systems use heat and chemicals • Photolysis uses photovoltaics and sunlight • Photobiological systems use microorganisms and sunlight http://www.eere.energy.gov

47. Implementing Hydrogen Fuel Distribution System in SLO • Storage issues • Low volumetric energy density • Flammable • Delivery issues • Compressed gas pipeline distribution system • Gas truck tankers • Liquid trailers • Need • 140 million gallons/year of Hydrogen fuel • 500,000 people * 14,000 miles/person / 50 miles/gallon

48. Cost of Hydrogen Fuel Distribution in 2005 Water Biomass Coal Natural gas http://www.eere.energy.gov

49. SLO Transportation in 2050 • Eco-friendly automobiles • Hydrogen fuel cell, Bio-diesel Hybrid cars • Public transportation • Bio-diesel bus system • Biking & walking • Extensive biking and walking trail system (the weather really is quite nice)

50. In Summary… • Residential sector has moved entirely to zero net energy buildings. • Commercial buildings significantly improve efficiencies for lighting, heating & cooling, reducing dependency of the power grid by more than 50%.