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Healthy Pregnancy

Healthy Pregnancy. Prenatal Care no great change to a woman during embryonic period during late foetal period, foetus has high demands mother functions slow down  nutrients stay in blood longer constipation

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Healthy Pregnancy

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  1. Healthy Pregnancy

  2. Prenatal Care • no great change to a woman during embryonic period • during late foetal period, foetus has high demands • mother functions slow down  nutrients stay in blood longer • constipation • mothers blood vol increases (40%) & faster circulation (increased heart rate and vol) • alcohol, drugs & antibodies may pass from mum to foetus • increase energy intake to 850kJ / day • Increase protein to at least 65g / day • Increase Ca, Fe, folate, fluorine (in water) • Weight gain (approx 0.5 kg / week) • Maintain same exercise program as before pregnancy

  3. Factors Affecting Foetal Development

  4. 1. Environment: • warmth, moisture & nutrition in Uterus • Other people, climate, food, disease / Infection • 2. Congenital Disorders • defects or diseases that are present at birth • may inherit a defective gene or due to mutation • may be due to environmental factors (teratogenic agents) • Teratogenic agents / Mutagens • Mutagen: changes genetic info  increases frequency of mutations above normal level • Teratogen: capable of interfering with development of foetus  birth defects

  5. 3. Environmental factors causing non-inheritable changes

  6. Infections • Rubella  cause foetus to be deaf, blind, heart malformation or brain damage • Hepatitis & mumps may have varying affects. Influenza may cause brain damage. • Listeria infection (Listeriosis): Bacteria ingested in uncooked/old food. May cause miscarriages/stillbirths. • MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) vaccination for all 1 year olds • Maternal diet • Ca: bone growth • Vit A (green / yellow veg’s): normal growth of cells • Folic Acid (In whole grain bread/cereals, green leafy veg’s, legumes) : Normal cell division & protein manufacture (lack spina bifida)

  7. Alcohol • Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • 1/1000 births • Lower birth weight • Small head • Irregularities of the face • Heart defects • Malformed arms / legs • Mental retardation • Hyperactivity, nervousness or poor attention span

  8. Smoking • Decreased birth weight • Increased respiratory problems (bronchitis, pneumonia) • Increased risk of miscarriage • SIDS • Smoke + Breast milk = gastrointestinal problems • Chemicals • Thalidomide (sleeping pills): limb malformation • Heroin / LSD

  9. Smoking • Decreased birth weight • Increased respiratory problems (bronchitis, pneumonia) • Increased risk of miscarriage • SIDS • Smoke + Breast milk = gastrointestinal problems • Chemicals • Thalidomide (sleeping pills): limb malformation • Heroin / LSD

  10. Diagnosis of Foetal Health

  11. Ultrasound • Inaudible, high frequency sound waves are reflected against foetal tissue are • translated into a visual image on a computer screen. • Chromosomal Analysis • Karyotype: A photograph/drawing of chromosomes displayed • Used to detect: down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, certain neural tube defects (spina bifida), tay-sachs disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy & sickle cell anaemia. • Can be obtained by amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling • Amniocentesis: during 16 -20 weeks, approx 130mL amniotic fluid • Removal of approx 10-20mL amniotic fluid containing some floating living cells from foetus

  12. Chorionic Villus Sampling: during 9-19 weeks, obtain foetal cells from Chorion • Procedure and testing Faster than amniocentesis but • 1/100 may result in a miscarriage • Cannot detect spina bifida • Blood tests of Mothers blood: after 6 weeks, sample treated with magnetised antibodies which attach to certain foetal cells, and they are removed for analysis. • Fetoscopy • Looking at foetus through a small, telescope-like instrument (fetoscope) which is inserted into abdominal wall. • Used to detect: cleft lip/palate, missing/abnormal ears, deformed absent/limbs, spinal abnormalities.

  13. Foetal Blood Sampling • Blood is directly obtained from foetus and analysed. • Diagnosis may be obtained on the same day. • Foetal monitoring • During labour/birth • Regular monitoring of foetus’ heart rate using ultrasound & electrocardiography (electrical changes in heart) • Produces an electrocardiogram (ECG) – graph •  then certain components of test DNA are missing • Biochemical Analysis • Assessment of marker proteins (if present the foetus has a certain defect) • DNA Probes • Segment of ‘labelled’ DNA, identical to that being tested is allowed to combine with test DNA • If it does not combine completely then certain components of test DNA are missing

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