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Conditioning

Conditioning. Ivan Pavlov. Russian scientist – he wanted to learn about the relationship between digestion and the nervous system Accidentally discovered the principles of Classical Conditioning. Stimulus – something that produces a reaction or response. Unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioning

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  1. Conditioning

  2. Ivan Pavlov • Russian scientist – he wanted to learn about the relationship between digestion and the nervous system • Accidentally discovered the principles of Classical Conditioning

  3. Stimulus – something that produces a reaction or response. • Unconditioned stimulus • Unconditioned response • Neutral stimulus • Conditioned stimulus

  4. Taste Aversion – 1970’s John Garcia discovered that if a negative experience took place with found within several hours of consumption, people would develop an aversion to that food or taste.

  5. Little Albert • J.B. Watson used little children • Paired a nice fuzzy white rat with a loud noise to frighten the children • Children became frightened of the rats even without the noise, conditioning had occurred • They became frightened of other fuzzy animals, even stuffed animals – this is called generalization • Sometimes the child would respond differently to a dog than the mouse – this is called discrimination

  6. Extinction – when a Conditioned Stimulus no longer brings about a Conditioned Response (bell without food) • Spontaneous Recovery – after extinction has occurred, CS is done again and it brings about the CR (often happens with music)

  7. Applications of the Extinction Principle • Flooding • Systematic Desensitization • http://understandingshyness.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/systematic-desensitization-therapy/

  8. Other Conditioning treatments • Counter-conditioning – 1924 Mary Jones • You can counter-condition fears by pleasant stimuli • Bell and Pad Method

  9. Operant Conditioning • The idea that people (or animals) learn to do and not to do things by the result that they get.

  10. B.F. Skinner • Reinforcement • Primary Reinforcers • Secondary Reinforcers • Skinner Box

  11. Reinforcers • Primary Reinforcers • Due to biological makeup of organism • food, warmth, water • Secondary Reinforcers • must be learned • money, social approval • sometimes functions through long lines of association (i.e. grades)

  12. Types of Reinforcement • Positive reinforcement • desires to increase the frequency of a behavior • Food, fun activities, social approval • Disadvantages: only works if the reinforcer is desired

  13. Negative Reinforcement • also desires to increase the frequency of a behavior • behavior reinforced because something unwanted stops happening (i.e. your tired, you go to bed) • Disadvantage: just like positive reinforcement

  14. Rewards • fairly interchangeable with Positive Reinforcement • Punishment • seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior • behavior decreases or stops upon the application of punishment

  15. Disadvantages of Punishment • Does not necessarily teach acceptable behavior. • only works when guaranteed • severe punishments may cause a person to simply leave the situation • Context must always be apparent • sometimes is accompanied by unseen benefits that make the behavior increase rather than decrease

  16. On the other hand… • “Spare the rod and spoil the child”

  17. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous reinforcement • rein. applied every time behavior occurs • quickest way to reinforce but if reinforcement stops behavior quickly stops as well • Partial reinforcement • Interval Schedules • Ratio Schedules

  18. Interval Schedules • Has to do with time • Fixed • reinforcement available only after a fixed amount of time has passed • Variable • reinforcement available only after time has passed but time is variable

  19. Ratio Schedules • Has to do with number of time behavior occurs in relation to reinforcement • Continuous • 1:1 • Fixed • x:1 x is constant • Variable • x:1, x is variable

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