Historical Development of The Civil Rights Movement

1. Historical Development of The Civil Rights Movement PowerPoint by Mr. Hataway February 20, 2012

2. Civil Rights • Civil Rights – These rights are legal and political rights enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country.

3. Civil Rights • Civil Rights • The Constitution and Bill of Rights guarantee civil rights to citizens and resident aliens of the United States. • However, historically, certain groups were denied some rights, African Americans, Native Americans, and women have been denied their civil rights.

4. Historical Development of the Civil Rights Movement During the 19th Century

5. Civil Rights in the 19th Century Discuss the following: • Abolitionists • Civil War • Emancipation Proclamation • Reconstruction • Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

6. Civil War Amendments • These three, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, were passed during the era of Reconstruction. Sometimes referred to as the Civil War Amendments.

7. 13th Amendment • adopted in 1865 • eight months after the war ended • forbade slavery in the United States

8. 14th Amendment • Adopted in 1868 • Declared all persons born in the U.S. (except Native Americans) were citizens • All citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race • Their rights were protected by due process of the law

9. 15th Amendment • Adopted in 1870 • Granted black men the right to vote

10. Historical Development of the Civil Rights Movement During the 20th Century

11. 19th Amendment • Adopted in 1920 • Gave women the right to vote

12. W.E.B. DuBois Economic Efforts • an early exponent of full equality for African Americans • cofounder (1909) the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

13. Birth of the NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • principal objective is to ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality • seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes

14. Jackie Robinson • Entered Major League Baseball (1947) • First baseball player to break Major League Baseball's color barrier that segregated the sport for more than 50 years.

15. Brown v. Board of Education • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) • Argued by Thurgood Marshall & NAACP. • The decision states that “Separate, but equal” is inherently unequal.

16. Brown v. Board of Education • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas II (1955) • mandated schools be desegregated with “all deliberate speed” • When did La Vega ISD desegregate?

17. Thurgood Marshall • Distinguished Lawyer • NAACP lawyer who argued Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court (1967) • Established a record for supporting the “voiceless” Americans

18. Resistance to Jim Crow Laws • Ida B. Wells-Barnett, the great anti-lynching crusader • A. Philip Randolph threatened in 1941 to lead a non-violent "March on Washington" to secure fair employment in the war industries

19. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat (Dec. 1955)

20. Montgomery Bus Boycott • The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., appointed to lead the 381-day boycott. • During boycott, African Americans walked or participated in carpools.

21. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Federal Judges decide bus segregation is unconstitutional & Supreme Court agreed (1956)

22. Long before being arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, Rosa Parks had protested segregation through her daily activities. She refused to drink out of the drinking fountains labeled “Colored Only.” When possible, she refused to ride in segregated elevators and walked up the stairs instead.

23. Discussion • Are you familiar with non-violent protest strategies? • If so, list some. • Sit-ins • Boycotts • Peaceful demonstrations

24. The Sit-In Movement • Philosophy of Civil Disobedience • Henry David Thoreau and Mohandas K. Gandhi first formulated principle. • Unjust laws do not have to be obeyed, however, consequences must be met for breaking the law. • This was the philosophy followed by Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement.

26. The Sit-in Movement • The Sit-in Movement spread throughout the South with Northern Liberal support. Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In, 1960 John Brown’s Dept Store OKC 1961

27. The Sit-In Movement • Atlanta, Georgia (October 1960) • During a sit-in at a Rich's lunch counter in Atlanta, Rev. Martin Luther King was arrested while waiting to be served. • He was sentenced to four months in jail • After intervention by John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy, he is released. • This would aid Kennedy’s presidential election. King’s arrest in Atlanta, GA

28. The Sit-In Movement(cont.) Why did the sit-in movement gain attention of Americans across the nation? Even after the demonstrators of the sit-ins were verbally and physically abused, they remained peaceful.

29. Presidential and Congressional Actions to address minority Rights

30. Desegregation of the Armed Forces • In 1948, President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981, Ending segregation in the Armed Forces.

31. Desegregation of the Armed Forces • “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.”

32. Civil Rights Act of 1957 Signed into law by President Eisenhower • First civil rights legislation since Reconstruction • Purpose was to protect voting rights • Marked important step in bringing fed. gov. into civil rights debate.

33. Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Established a federal Civil Rights Commission with authority to investigate discriminatory conditions • Empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote

34. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Abolished racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers • Unlawful for an employer to “fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges or employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”

35. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson

36. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Southern Bloc – group of 18 southern Democrats and 1 Republican who worked to block the Civil Rights Act of 1964. • Relied on a filibuster in the Senate to postpone the legislation as long as possible. • Hoped that support for the legislation throughout the country would falter. IT DID NOT!!!

37. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Outlawed the requirement to pay a poll tax or a literacy test in order to be eligible to vote.

38. Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Last major Civil Rights Bill for awhile • Known as Fair Housing Act, ended discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. • Nixon brings a new mood to the nation and there are no riots in 1969

39. Historical Development of the Civil Rights Movement During the 21st Century

40. Civil Rights in the 21st Century • Barack Obama • First African American elected President

41. Civil Rights in the 21st Century • Sonia Sotomayor • First Hispanic women appointed to the Supreme Court