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Sleep

C81BIO – Lecture 12. Sleep. Dr. Mark Haselgrove. Overview of the lecture. Measurement and stages of sleep Physiological correlates of sleep Sleep cycles and REM. (2) Theories of Sleep Comparative analysis of sleep Effects of sleep deprivation. (3) Areas of the brain involved in sleep

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Sleep

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  1. C81BIO – Lecture 12 Sleep Dr. Mark Haselgrove

  2. Overview of the lecture • Measurement and stages of sleep • Physiological correlates of sleep • Sleep cycles and REM (2) Theories of Sleep Comparative analysis of sleep Effects of sleep deprivation (3) Areas of the brain involved in sleep Hypothalamus Reticular System (4) Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy REM sleep without paralysis

  3. (1) Measurement and Stages of Sleep • Three principle measures of sleep: • Electro-encephalogram (Head) • Electro-oculogram (Eye) • Electro-myogram (Neck)

  4. (1) Measurement and Stages of Sleep Pre-sleep Alpha waves Bursts of 8- to 12-Hz activity in low-amplitude/high-frequency waves Four stages of Sleep EEG: Progressive: increase in amplitude decrease in frequency Sleep Spindle – 1 to 2 s burst of 12- to 14-Hz waves K complex – Single large upward, then downwards deflection

  5. (2) Theories of Sleep Recuperation theories - Being awake disrupts homeostasis - Sleep restores this e.g. sleep restores energy levels Evolutionary theories • - Sleep is NOT a reaction to homeostatic disruption • - Sleep evolved (in humans)to prevent accidents and predation at night • - Sleep is like sex. We don’t need it to stay alive, but we are still motivated to have it!

  6. (2) Theories of Sleep - Analysis Sleep in animals - All mammals and birds sleep. Fish, reptiles & amphibians have periods of inactivity too - Large species differences in sleep: Not related to body size/ temperature - Sloths hardly move, yet need 20 hrs/day - Little/no Effect of exercise on sleep duration in humans (Youngstedt & Kline, 2006)

  7. (2) Theories of Sleep - Analysis Sleep in animals - Not consistent with recuperation theories of sleep - Evolutionary theories-Sleep related to: How vulnerable you are asleep Time spent eating/day Lions can do little else but sleep For 2 days after a kill

  8. (2) Theories of Sleep - Analysis Effects of sleep deprivation - Humans - Recuperation theories predict that with sleep deprivation: (1) Increases in physiological/behavioural disturbances (2) After deprivation, missed sleep must be regained X - Deprivation influences: Mood, physiological function, molecular function (Cirelli, 2006) - Effects on Executive function: Assimilating changing information Updating plans Reference memory (Curcio et al., 2006) • - But, people recover well after sleep deprivation (Dement, 1978): • Randy Gardner – 260 hrs awake: 1st recovery night 14 hrs sleep • Then back to normal

  9. (2) Theories of Sleep - Analysis Effects of sleep deprivation - Humans - REM sleep deprivation - Preventing REM sleep makes the body want it more. (Webb & Agnew, 1967) - Deprivation of REM sleep causes a transient rebound.(Brunner et al 1990) - No cognitive or emotional effects however.

  10. (2) Theories of Sleep - Analysis Effects of sleep deprivation - Animals - After several days, experimental rats died - But, post-mortem revealed swollen adrenal glands, gastric ulcers and internal bleeding - Result a consequence of stress and physical damage??

  11. Constantin von Economo (3) Areas of the brain involved in sleep (i) Hypothalamus Studied the brains of those who had died from the virus encephalitis lethargica • Victims who had difficulty sleeping: • Damage to anterior region • - Victims who had difficulty staying awake • Damage to posterior region Confirmed in lesion studies with animals (Saper et al., 2001)

  12. (3) Areas of the brain involved in sleep (ii) Reticular System • Bremer (1936) • Cerveau isole transection = slow-wave sleep pattern • Encephale isole transection = Normal sleep-wake cycle • Thus, “wakefulness” area = somewhere in-between the two - Mouzzi & Morgan (1949) Stimulation of the reticular formation of sleeping cats woke them up.

  13. (3) Sleep Disorders (i) Narcolepsy Relatively brief periods of sudden sleep (ii) REM sleep without core muscle atonia • Schenck et al. (1986) I was a halfback playing football, and after the quarterback received from the centre, he passed it to me and I’m supposed to go around and then cut back in. As I cut back in there is this big 280-pound tackle waiting so I, according to the rules, shoulder barged him….. When I came to I was standing in front of our dresser and I had gotten out of bed and run and knocked lamps, mirrors and everything off the dresser, hit my head against the wall and my knee against the dresser

  14. Reading Pinel, J. P.J. (2011) Biopsychology, Pearson. Chapter 14 Carlson, N. R. (2010) Physiology of Behavior, Allyn & Bacon. Chapter 9 Kalat, J. W. (2011) Biological Psychology, Thompson. Chapter 9 Next Time: Schizophrenia & Depression. In: Phys B1 Email: Mark.Haselgrove@nottingham.ac.uk

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