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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: TRANSPORTATION

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: TRANSPORTATION. UNITED STATES. POPULATION 300 MILLION MOTORIZED VEHICLES ~300 MILLION TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION ~32 % OF TOTAL U. S. ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~98% IS FROM PETROLEUM. UNITED STATES.

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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: TRANSPORTATION

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  1. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: TRANSPORTATION

  2. UNITED STATES POPULATION 300 MILLIONMOTORIZED VEHICLES~300 MILLIONTRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION ~32 % OF TOTAL U. S. ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~98% IS FROM PETROLEUM

  3. UNITED STATES LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET~230 MILLIONENERGY CONSUMPTION BY LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET =~24% OF TOTAL ENERGY USE, OF WHICH ~99+% COMES FROM PETROLEUMCARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT VEHICLE FLEET = ~22% OF TOTAL U. S. EMISSIONS

  4. ENERGY ISSUES SHORT TERM: PRICE OF PETROLEUM POLLUTIONLONGER TERM: SUPPLY SECURITY SUPPLY SUSTAINABILITY GLOBAL WARMING PRICE

  5. BASIS FOR AN ENERGY POLICY 1. NON-RENEWABLE (FOSSIL OR NUCLEAR) ENERGY SOURCES ARE FINITE. 2.THEIR USE REDUCESTHE AMOUNT AVAILABLE IN THE FUTURE.

  6. 3. THE LESSEFFICIENTLY A FINITE SOURCE IS USED, THE MORE ITS FUTURE SUPPLY IS REDUCED. 4. THEREFORE, AN ENERGY POLICY SHOULD TEND TOWARD THE MOST EFFICIENT USE OF NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES.

  7. 5. USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES DOES NOT REDUCE THE FUTURE AMOUNT OF THE SOURCE.6. THE ONLY WAY TO REACH A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DOMAIN IN THE LONG TERM IS TO BASE IT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.

  8. DOES THIS MEAN THAT EFFICIENCY IS NOT IMPORTANT FOR RENEWABLES?NO!BUT, IT IS IMPORTANT IN A DIFFERENT WAY, BECAUSE EFFICIENCY AFFECTS THE COST OF THE SYSTEM AND OF THE ENERGY.

  9. ILLUSTRATION 2 UNITS ENERGY IN 4 UNITS ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION 50% EFFIC. ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION 25% EFFIC. 1 UNIT ENERGY OUT 1 UNIT

  10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY • ENERGY EFFICIENCY MUST BE DETERMINED FROM “IN THE GROUND” THROUGH “END USE.”2. FOR TRANSPORTATION THIS IS CALLED A “WELL TO WHEEL” ANALYSIS.

  11. WELL TO TANK WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND • PRODUCTION • TRANMISSION • CONVERSION • REFINING • DISTRIBUTION • STORAGE • DISPENSING TO TANK

  12. TANK TO WHEEL FUEL IN THE TANK TO TANK • ENGINE • LOAD FACTOR • WEIGHT, IDLE • & RECOVERY FACTOR • TRANSMISSION TO WHEELS

  13. EFFICIENCY OF MULTISTEP PROCESS SINGLE STEP: ENERGY IN, Ei-1 STEP i, EFFICIENCY= ηi= Ei / Ei-1 ENERGY OUT, Ei

  14. N-STEP, MULTI-STEP OVERALL EFFICIENCY ηO = EN / E0 = (E1/ E0)* (E2/E1)…*…*(EN/EN-1) i = N= Π(ηi) i = 0

  15. EXAMPLE: SUPPOSE THAT THE EFFICIENCY OF EACH STEP IN A 4-STEP PROCESS IS 70 PERCENT, WHAT IS THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY?

  16. ηO = (70)*(70)*(70)*(70) = 24 E 06 ??? Ooops!η is ratio of energy in to energy out, not 100 times that!! Therefore,ηO=(0.7)*(0.7)* (0.7)* (0.7) = 0.2401 = 24%

  17. ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF GASOLINE (SPARK 19%IGNITION--SI)DIESEL (COMPRES- SION IGNITION--CI) 26%GASOLINE-ELEC. HYBRID 36%DIESEL-ELEC. HYBRID 45%

  18. DIESELOTTO PRESSURE VOLUME

  19. HYBRID ELECTRIC BATTERY--DC GASOLINE OR DIESEL ENGINE INVERTER-- AC DC DRIVE TRAIN GENERATOR & MOTOR--AC ENERGY RECOVERY--AC WHEELS

  20. ENGINE TANK-TO-WHEEL EFF GASOLINE 36% (gas)PLUG-IN HYBRID 81% (elec) 57% (combined)DIESEL 45% (diesel)PLUG-IN HYBRID 81% (elec) 57% (combined)ALL ELECTRIC 81%FUEL CELL 44%

  21. EXAMPLE: GASOLINE ELECTRIC HYBRID EFF., %ENGINE (PEAK) 38PART-LOAD FACTOR 85TRANSMISSION 85WEIGHT,IDLE,RECOVERY 130 η0,TtoW = 36 %

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  25. WELL TO TANK WELL: FUEL SOURCE IN THE GROUND • PRODUCTION • TRANMISSION • CONVERSION • REFINING • DISTRIBUTION • STORAGE • DISPENSING TO TANK

  26. (OR ON)WHAT IS IN^THE GROUND?NON RENEWABLESPETROLEUMNATURAL GASCOALURANIUMRENEWABLESSUNSHINEBIOMASSWINDOCEAN THERMAL, CURRENTS, TIDESGEOTHERMAL

  27. HOW CAN THESE BE TRANSPORTATION FUELS?PETROLEUM—REFINENATURAL GAS—AS IS, H2 OR LIQUID FUEL COAL—ELECTRICITY, H2 OR LIQUID FUELURANIUM—ELECT., H2SUNSHINE—ELECT., BIOMASS, SPLIT WATERBIOMASS—ELECT., LIQUID FUELWIND, OCEAN, GEOTHERMAL—ELECT.

  28. COAL N2 CO2 O2 AIR GASIFI-CATION AIR SEPARATION METALS STEAM WATER GAS SHIFT CO SYNTHESISPROCESS ACID GAS REMOVAL H2 H2S PRODUCTS: HYDROGEN, DIESEL, GASOLINE, ETHANOL, etc.

  29. WELL TO TANKFUEL/SOURCE EFF GASOLINE PETROLEUM 90% COAL 48%ETHANOL PETROLEUM 55% COAL 50% CORN 125% SWITCH GRASS 400%DIESEL PETROLEUM 90% COAL 51%

  30. WELL TO TANKFUEL/SOURCE EFF ELECTRICITY NG-COMBINED CYCLE 46% COAL-CONVENTIONAL 48% COAL-IGCC 36% NUCLEAR 27%HYDROGEN NG 48% COAL 38%

  31. CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJin-tank W-T T-WGASOLINE PETROLEUM 94 72ETHANOL NATURAL GAS 116 71 CORN 87 71DIESEL CAOL 123 75

  32. CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, g/MJin-tank W-T T-WELECTRICITY CONV.COAL 280 0 NUCLEAR ~0 0HYDROGEN NATURAL GAS 80 0TOTAL EMISSIONS PER MJ TO WHEEL= (W-T + T-W)/(T-W EFF.)

  33. TODAY’S ~COSTTO HYBRID USE $/100 MILESHYDROGEN 12CORN ETHANOL 8GASOLINE 6DIESEL 4 ELECTRICITY 3

  34. SUMMARARY & CONCLUSIONS 1. THERE ARE VECHICLESAND FUEL TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN DRASTICALLY REDUCE GASOLINE USAGE AND CO2 EMISSIONS.2. ALL NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE PROBLEMS.3. WE SHOULD NOT RELY ON ONE APROACH.

  35. 4. START NOW! IT WILLTAKE 20+ YEARS TOPHASE-IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES. 5. ETHANOL-FUELEDHYBRIDS AND PLUG-IN HYBRIDS ARE THE MOST ATTRACTIVE OPTIONS NOW. THEY CAN REDUCE GASOLINE USE AND CO2 EMISSIONS BY A FACTOR OF ~4.6. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES, OFFER GREAT POTENTIAL.

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