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Chapter 4: Delivery Systems Equipment

Chapter 4: Delivery Systems Equipment. Delivery Systems. Definition Pieces of equipment that allow a drug to follow its designated route of administration Syringes Uses Injection Irrigation Withdrawal of fluids. Delivery Systems (cont’d). Parts of a Syringe. Delivery Systems (cont’d).

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Chapter 4: Delivery Systems Equipment

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  1. Chapter 4: Delivery Systems Equipment

  2. Delivery Systems • Definition • Pieces of equipment that allow a drug to follow its designated route of administration • Syringes • Uses • Injection • Irrigation • Withdrawal of fluids

  3. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Parts of a Syringe

  4. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Kinds of Syringes • Vary in size from 1 mL (1 cc) to 60 mL (60 cc) • Hypodermic syringes are marked with calibrations in mm • Two special types • Tuberculin • Insulin

  5. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Kinds of Syringes • Tuberculin • Narrow, with total capacity of 1 mL • Used for: • Newborn doses • Pediatric doses • Intradermal skin tests • Small doses in adults • Injections just beneath the skin

  6. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Kinds of Syringes • Insulin • Used only for administering insulin to diabetic patients • Has total capacity of 1 mL • Calibrated in units (U), representing strength of insulin per mL • Most insulin used today is U-100 (100 units of insulin per mL)

  7. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Types of Syringe Tips • Luer-lock • Screw-on fitting for needle that minimizes leaks • Slip-tip • Allows needle to be easily slipped on; more prone to leaks • Catheter tip • Long tip for cleaning out tissue, filling body cavities, attaching a feeding tube • Eccentric tip • Wide syringe tip usually used for oral applications

  8. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Critical Surfaces of Syringes • Any surface that comes into contact with a sterile product, container, or closure • Examples: tip & plunger • Hold syringe by barrel • Syringe Calibrations • 3-mL syringe: each tenth • 5- & 10-mL syringes: every two tenths • 20-, 30-, 50-, & 60-mL syringes: 1-mL increments

  9. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Needles • Hypodermic needle • Fits onto end of syringe • Used to inject or withdraw a specific amount of fluid • Parts of hypodermic needle • Hub: base that attaches to syringe • Shaft: longest section • Bevel: slanted, portion of needle • Heel: edge of bevel closest to hub • Tip: end of needle furthest from hub

  10. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Needles • Gauge • Diameter of the opening, or lumen • Usually ranges from 28 to 16 • The larger the gauge, the smaller the opening • Length • Varies depending on route of administration & body part • Ranges from 3/8 of an inch to 3 1/2 inches

  11. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Filters • Used in combination with needles or other CSP equipment to help prevent or remove contamination • Sizes • 0.22-micron: removes bacteria & particulates • 0.45-micron: removes general particulates • 1.2-micron: removes fungi & particulates • 5-micron: coarse filter; removes glass shards

  12. Delivery Systems (cont’d) • Filters • Filter needle • Molded into hub of needle & designed for one-time use • Removes glass shards from glass ampules • Filter straw • A thin, flexible, sterile straw with a filter in hub • Used to withdraw a single dose of fluid from glass ampule • Vented needles • Used primarily for reconstituting a powdered medication

  13. Needleless Systems • Allow for mixing of drug & base solution without use of needle & syringe • Examples: • Vial attached directly to IV bag for mixing • Drug & base solution in one bag with a barrier between them

  14. Intravenous Supplies • IV Administration Set • Parts of an IV system that determine flow rate of fluid or drug • Two types • Vented: for containers that have no venting system (IV bottles) • Unvented: for containers that have their own venting system or do not require it (IV bags) • Large-volume IV bag: 500 mL or 1 L • IV piggyback: smaller volume bag piggybacked onto larger-volume bag (250 mL, 100 mL, 50 mL)

  15. Intravenous Supplies (cont’d) • IV Bags and Bottles • Sizes: 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL • Advantages of plastic bags over glass bottles: • Lighter • Less expensive • Easy to see through • Non-breakable • Take up less volume • Glass bottles used to avoid absorption of drug by plastic bag or adsorption of drug to bag

  16. Dosage Containers • Ampule • A sealed, all-glass container containing a single dose of drug • Must be discarded after use • May shed tiny shards of glass, which mix with contents & must be extracted using a filter needle or straw • Break open neck in laminar airflow workbench toward side

  17. Dosage Containers (cont’d) • Single-Dose Vials • Contain one dose of medicine • Are discarded after one use • No preservatives are added, as they are not needed • Top of vial has a rubber stopper, which is pierced by needle • Multiple-Dose Vials • Allow you to use contents more than once • Rubber stopper is punctured several times, exposing CSP to air • Preservatives are included to keep contents stable

  18. Special Equipment for Sterile Compounding • High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filtration • HEPA filters are used in all aseptic processing areas • Required to satisfy USP’s guidelines for Class 5 environments • Can extract any particles larger than 0.5 microns • Filters must be tested & certified every 6 months

  19. Special Equipment for Sterile Compounding (cont’d) • Laminar Airflow Workbench (LAFW) • A work area that prefilters large contaminants from workspace • Uses HEPA-filtered air in horizontal flow to extract smaller particles • Process • Regular room air is pulled through vent by standard filter • Air is pushed toward back of LAFW • Air passes through HEPA filter • HEPA-filtered air is then forced over work area at 90 ft/min • This sweeps particulate matter away from product being compounded

  20. Special Equipment for Sterile Compounding (cont’d) • Biological Safety Cabinet • HEPA-filtered air is blown vertically downward through top hood • Required for compounding hazardous compounds • Has clear glass or plastic shield that extends partially down hood • Shield & vertical airflow protect you from hazardous drugs

  21. Special Equipment for Sterile Compounding (cont’d) • Compounding Aseptic Isolator • A LAFW that is completely enclosed • Work surface can only be accessed through glove box openings • Materials & supplies for aseptic processing enter through special air-lock boxes attached to the unit • Uses a HEPA filter system

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