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M. R. Rosen, S. L. Goodbred, D.A. Alvarez, and Thomas J. Leiker US Geological Survey

Use of Passive Samplers for Detecting Spatial Distribution of Organic Contaminants in Lake Mead, Nevada, U.S.A. M. R. Rosen, S. L. Goodbred, D.A. Alvarez, and Thomas J. Leiker US Geological Survey. Background.

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M. R. Rosen, S. L. Goodbred, D.A. Alvarez, and Thomas J. Leiker US Geological Survey

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  1. Use of Passive Samplers for Detecting Spatial Distribution of Organic Contaminants in Lake Mead, Nevada, U.S.A M. R. Rosen, S. L. Goodbred, D.A. Alvarez, and Thomas J. Leiker US Geological Survey

  2. Background • This work is part of an ongoing study initiated in 1995 to assess potential for endocrine disruption in Lake Mead. • Objectives • Determine presence and potential sources of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAME) using passive samplers and sediment cores. • Importance of study • Determine what EDCs aquatic organisms might be exposed to at various locations in LAME and their potential sources.

  3. Water Quality Issues in Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead • Historic use chemicals present in sediment & biota (i.e. chlorinated pesticides, PCB’s etc.) • Chemicals from manufacturing plants and defense related industries since 1940’s. (e.g. perchlorate etc). • Tertiary treated effluent (currently >180 million gallons daily, expected to increase to 400 million gallons daily by 2050). • Storm-water runoff and other non-point sources

  4. Population Growth in Las Vegas Valley 1950 Pop 47,000 2000 Pop 1,300,000

  5. Lake Mead National Recreation Area Sampling Sites March, 2006 Overton Arm Las Vegas Wash Above STPs Colorado R. Inflow Las Vegas Wash Below STPs Sentinel Island Las Vegas Bay Colorado R. Outflow (Willow Beach)

  6. Study Design • Three 36” SPMDs, 3 POCIS discs both pharmaceutical and pesticide were deployed at 7 sites in LAME for one month in February 2006 all at 8 m water depth • SPMDs deployed in vertical gradient at Las Vegas Bay site • Analytical chemistry done on extracts by GC/MS • Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) used in SPMDs

  7. What are SPMDs and POCIS Samplers? Hydrophobic compounds Kow >3.0 SPMD consists of Low density polyethylene lay-flat tubing containing lipid (fat-like organic compound made of triolein) similar to fish fat Hydrophilic compounds Kow<3.0 POCIS consists of a microporous membrane containing various solid phase sequestering media

  8. Vertical gradientSampling Setup POCIS 8 M

  9. Deployment and Retrieval of Samplers

  10. Different Blank Used at Each Site • If compound detected in blank: Concentration in blank subtracted from reported value Above WWTPs Below WWTPs

  11. Performance Reference Compounds used for SPMDs to calculate concentrations • Anthracene – d10 • Chrysene – d12 Las Vegas Bay inflow Boulder Basin site

  12. Blanks are ImportantWhat did we find in blanks? Compound Uses • Acetophenone fragrance (soaps, creams) • Benzophenone sunscreens • Oyxbenzone sunscreens • Di limonene citrus based solvent • Methyl naphthalene found in air, cigarettes • Methyl salicylate deep heat therapy • Octylphenol surfactant in soaps

  13. Total Compounds Detected SPMD Total Compounds (30) Number of EDCs (17) POCIS Total Compounds (28) Number of EDCs (7)

  14. PCPs Galoxolide Tonalide 4-tert-octylphenol Triclosan PAHs Pyrene Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzo (a) pyrene Pesticides Chlorphrifos o,p’ DDE Trifluralin HCB Trans & Cis Chlordane Industrial BDE (47,99,100,138, 146,180) EDCs Detected in Las Vegas Wash and Lake Mead National Recreation Area

  15. Hydrophobic Compounds Total concentration (µg/L) and number of detects Overton Arm 0.0003 (3) Las Vegas Wash Above STPs 0.005 (12) Las Vegas Wash Below STPs 0.45 (17) Las Vegas Bay 0.06 (16) Sentinel Island 0.001 (5) Colorado R Inflow Colorado R Outflow 0.0006 (6) 0.02 (6)

  16. Where are EDCs Coming From?Example of Galaxolide (µg/L) at 8 m depth in Lake Mead Overton Arm <0.0005 Las Vegas Wash Above STPs <0.0005 Las Vegas Wash Below STPs 0.4 Las Vegas Bay 0.06 Sentinel Island 0.001 Colorado R Inflow Colorado R Outflow <0.0005 <0.0005

  17. Where are EDCs Coming From?Example of Naphthalene (petrogenic) (µg/L) at 8 m depth in Lake Mead Overton Arm <0.0009 Las Vegas Wash Above STPs <0.0009 Las Vegas Wash Below STPs <0.0009 Las Vegas Bay 0.001 Sentinel Island <0.0009 Colorado R Inflow Colorado R Outflow Estimated 0.0002 0.01

  18. Where are EDCs Coming From?Example of Pyrene (pyrogenic) (µg/L) at 8 m depth in Lake Mead Overton Arm <0.00005 Las Vegas Wash Above STPs <0.00005 Las Vegas Wash Below STPs <0.00005 Las Vegas Bay 0.0003 Sentinel Island <0.00005 Colorado R Inflow Colorado R Outflow <0.00005 <0.00005

  19. Vertical Gradient of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Las Vegas Bay

  20. Vertical Gradient of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Las Vegas Bay

  21. Hydrophilic Compoundsng/POCIS (pesticide EI and NCI) and # of detects Overton Arm 390 (8) Las Vegas Wash Above STPs 22,551 (11) Las Vegas Wash Below STPs 24,716 (11) Las Vegas Bay 136 (1) Sentinel Island 74 (3) Colorado R Inflow Colorado R Outflow 1,033 (5) 0 (0)

  22. Effects in Male Carp Intersex fish found in Las Vegas Wash EDCs found in carp include Methyl Triclosan,PBDEs, DDT (and metabolites) Las Vegas Wash downstream of WWTPs From high to low, reproductive condition by site can be classified as: OA > LVB > LVW > WB

  23. Effects in Male Largemouth Bass Only two sites have bass present No chemical data available yet The differences between sites were most evident just prior spawning period (March 2008) Relatively low KT levels and high E2/KT ratios in Las Vegas Bay males are consistent with reduced health and reproductive condition

  24. Conclusions • Las Vegas Wash below WWTPs major source of hydrophobic contaminants and EDCs in LAME • Sole source of Galaxolide and Tonalide, weakly estrogenic musk fragrances, is Las Vegas Wash below WWTPs. • Hydrophilic compounds come from both sites in the Wash. • Main source of PAHs is petrogenic compounds from within lake (boats) • Very few EDCs coming from inflows at Overton Arm, Colorado R. or present below Hoover Dam. • Overall, aquatic biota show impaired reproductive function in LVW and LVB and are most exposed to EDCs in LVW, Bay, and Boulder Basin, but other sources exist.

  25. Research Team USGS personnel Project coordinator: Michael R. Rosen mrosen@usgs.gov 775-887-7683 Toxicologist: Steven Goodbred goodbred@usgs.gov 916-278-9492 Fish Biologist: Reynaldo Patiño r.patino@usgs.gov 806-742-2851 Chemist: David Alvarez dalvarez@usgs.gov 573-441-2970 Risk analyst: Greg Linder linder2@usgs.gov 503-590-3916 Fish microbiologist: Jill Jenkins jenkinsj@usgs.gov 337-266-8607 Partners Toxicologist: Erik Orsak USFWS Erik_Orsak@fws.gov 702-515-5243 Foodweb biologist: Sudeep Chandra UNR sudeep@cabnr.unr.edu 775-354-4849 Microbiologist: Duane Moser DRI duane.moser@dri.edu 702-378-7639

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