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SPATE IRRIGATION GLOBAL TRENDS

1.1. SPATE IRRIGATION GLOBAL TRENDS. Spate irrigation – globally . Estimates. In addition there is small spate irrigation in Ethiopia, Kenya and West Africa Spate irrigation was practized by Red Indians too. Spate irrigation – upwards and downward trends.

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SPATE IRRIGATION GLOBAL TRENDS

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  1. 1.1 SPATE IRRIGATION GLOBAL TRENDS

  2. Spate irrigation – globally Estimates In addition there is small spate irrigation in Ethiopia, Kenya and West Africa Spate irrigation was practized by Red Indians too

  3. Spate irrigation – upwards and downward trends • In North Africa many spate irrigation systems converted to dam irrigation • In Pakistan several spate irrigation areas ‘disturbed’ by perennial irrigation systems and spate irrigation (rod kohi) very much neglected in spite of the enormous area • In Yemen combination of groundwater irrigation and spate irrigation system in many areas • In Iran ‘flood water spreading’ for recharging groundwater combined with spate irrigation • In Eritrea spate irrigation development is preferred strategy • Elsewhere (in Africa) small spate irrigation is increasing

  4. PAKISTAN Command area of spate systems converted in perennial area Inadequate cross drainage under perennial canals disturbs morphology of ephemeral rivers (wadis)

  5. ELSEWHERE (YEMEN, NORTH AFRICA, PARTS OF PAKISTAN) Construction of dams Has intercepted floods Has changed flood hydrographs (early peak is missing) At cost of spate irrigated areal

  6. ONE MAY ARGUE HOWEVER THAT IS BETTER TO STORE FLOOD WATER IN THE SOIL PROFILE THAN IN DAMS AND RESERVOIRS Through spate irrigation and flood water spreading

  7. Flood Water Spreading in Iran • Cost for creating 1 m3 of storage capacity in soil profile/ shallow aquifer under artificial recharge is USD 0,0008 – and costs of 1 m3 of water actually stored is USD 0,027 • Cost for creating 1 m3 storage in reservoir is USD 0,20

  8. Irrigation efficiency (consumption/supply) for all irrigated areas in Saudi Arabia averaged for the period 1975 to 2005. The wheat belt with (badly managed) centre pivot irrigation systems have an efficiency of 40%. The highest efficiencies (70%) are obtained at the spate irrigation systems along the Red Sea coast! Saudi Arabia: Irrigation efficiency can be high Source: WaterWatch

  9. Comparing..

  10. Statement:Spate irrigation deserves much more attention

  11. Opportunities in spate irrigation.. • Can be very productive if combined with groundwater irrigation and recharge (provided aquifers are fresh) • Adequate moisture conservation is key to high production • Often significant productivity increases are possible in main crops, such as sorghum or cotton • Promising new crops: vegetables, guar (clusterbean) • Can serves many different functions – livestock, wild vegetation, drinking water • Several examples of successful ‘improved’ traditional system – better model than modernized engineered systems • Requires close partnership with spate irrigation farmers and local authorities

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