Chad Schaeding Surveying Engineering Ferris State University Big Rapids, Michigan

1. Chad Schaeding Surveying EngineeringFerris State UniversityBig Rapids, Michigan Good afternoon, My name is Yaron Felus, and this research is titled “Multisource Data Fusion A Mathematical and Computational Approach”. Working with me on this research is Professor Robert Burtch, we are both from the Surveying Engineering Department at Ferris State University. This is the first year of this project nonetheless we have some exciting results. Good afternoon, My name is Yaron Felus, and this research is titled “Multisource Data Fusion A Mathematical and Computational Approach”. Working with me on this research is Professor Robert Burtch, we are both from the Surveying Engineering Department at Ferris State University. This is the first year of this project nonetheless we have some exciting results.

2. Presentation outline Introduction to National Digital Elevation Models National Elevation Data Set (NED) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) FREE! From the United States Geological Survey Accuracy Analysis: Comply w/Mapping Standards Applications: Differentially Rectify Imagery (Orthoimage) Conclusions

3. National Elevation Data Set (NED) The National Elevation Dataset is the new format for existing U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) elevation data The development of NED began in the early 1990’s and was completely assembled in 1999 Processing individual 7.5 minute 1:24,000-scale (1:63,360 for Alaska) DEMs Datum Conversions to NAD83/NAVD88 Projection Transformation and Resampling Artifact Correction Edge Matching and Merging with adjacent DEMs Seamless form with a consistent datum, elevation unit, projection, at 10 and 30 meter resolution (30% and 70% respectively)

4. Photogrammetric Data Acquisition Most USGS DEMs were collected using stereo image pairs – adjacent photographs with overlap High Altitude Aerial Photography Program

5. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission February 11, 2000, the Space Shuttle gathered topographic data over approximately 80% of the land surfaces of the Earth in only 11 days.

6. SRTM Acquired by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) utilizing a radar system that flew onboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour SRTM DEM is available with WGS84 datum and EGM96 geoid model Currently two products are available: One arc-second resolution (~90’) for the United States and its territories Three arc-second (~270’) for all the areas between 60º North and 56º South latitudes   

7. Definition: A method, system or technique, for using beamed, reflected, and timed electromagnetic radiation to detect, locate, and (or) track objects, to measure altitude and to acquire a terrain image.

8. SAR interferometry is a technique involving phase measurements from successive aircraft or satellite SAR images to infer differential range and range changes for the purpose of detecting very subtle changes on or of the earth’s surface with unprecedented scale, accuracy, and reliability.

10. Accuracy Analysis of NED and SRTM NED SRTM

11. Previous Research of NED and SRTM Smith and Sandwell (2003) performed spectral analysis of the 1-arcsecond SRTM and NED data and found that following Root Mean Squared (RMS) of SRTM data is 2.7m RMS of the NED data 3.5m   Reinartz et al (2005) conclude that SRTM data accuracy decreases drastically in forest areas since it neither represents the tree canopy or the ground.

12. National Map Accuracy Standard The NMAS defines the following two criteria to test the vertical accuracy of a topographic map: Vertical accuracy, as applied to contour maps on all publication scales, shall be such that not more than 10 percent of the elevations tested shall be in error by more than one-half the contour interval  The accuracy of any map may be tested by comparing the positions of points whose locations or elevations are shown upon it with corresponding positions as determined by surveys of a higher accuracy

13. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing The Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) statistic is used to evaluate the accuracy of spatial data is: Class 1 map should have a vertical RMSE of 1/3 the contour interval for well-defined points and 1/6 the contour interval for spot elevations. Maps compiled within limiting RMSE errors of twice or three times those allowed for Class 1 map shall be designated as Class 2 or Class 3, respectively.

14. Case Study, FSU Golf Course Evaluating the accuracy of SRTM/NED data The second portion of this research is the development of advanced computational algorithms to support massive-data integration . In this topic we were looking at two approaches: the TIN-structured kriging, this method was implemented successfully for kriging interpolation and now we developed a procedure to use it for co-kriging/ data integration procedures. The second approach, which is used with raster data, is the full plane Kalman filtering approach. Both methods are using the same geostatistical principles only with different computational algorithms. Thank you and see you Friday at from 12:00 to 12:25. The second portion of this research is the development of advanced computational algorithms to support massive-data integration . In this topic we were looking at two approaches: the TIN-structured kriging, this method was implemented successfully for kriging interpolation and now we developed a procedure to use it for co-kriging/ data integration procedures. The second approach, which is used with raster data, is the full plane Kalman filtering approach. Both methods are using the same geostatistical principles only with different computational algorithms. Thank you and see you Friday at from 12:00 to 12:25.

15. Even though USGS standards for DEM require only 28 check points with at least eight scattered around the edge More than 500 points were collected in Real-time Kinematic (RTK) mode Base Station is the Big Rapids Continuous Operating Reference Station (CORS) at a distance of less than 1 mile Visual inspection on the elevation data and products compared to more accurate GPS data Case Study, FSU Golf Course

18. Orthophotographs Orthophotography is a geometrically corrected photograph created from either aerial or satellite imagery The most expensive part of producing an orhtophoto is generally the creation of the DEM

19. Case study, the FSU golf course Two orthophotographs were created using the Leica Photogrammetry Suite from 1:10,000-scale photography taken at a flight height of 1,582 meter above the average terrain and scanned at ground resolution of 0.15 meters The initial NED and SRTM DEMs were projected from their native geographic coordinates to Michigan Plane coordinate system to create a 35x35 meter resolution DEM The second portion of this research is the development of advanced computational algorithms to support massive-data integration . In this topic we were looking at two approaches: the TIN-structured kriging, this method was implemented successfully for kriging interpolation and now we developed a procedure to use it for co-kriging/ data integration procedures. The second approach, which is used with raster data, is the full plane Kalman filtering approach. Both methods are using the same geostatistical principles only with different computational algorithms. Thank you and see you Friday at from 12:00 to 12:25. The second portion of this research is the development of advanced computational algorithms to support massive-data integration . In this topic we were looking at two approaches: the TIN-structured kriging, this method was implemented successfully for kriging interpolation and now we developed a procedure to use it for co-kriging/ data integration procedures. The second approach, which is used with raster data, is the full plane Kalman filtering approach. Both methods are using the same geostatistical principles only with different computational algorithms. Thank you and see you Friday at from 12:00 to 12:25.

20. From the results of experiments undertaken in this study, it is clear that these government datasets can be used to create orthophotos at a scale of 1:10,000 that meet acceptable industry standards such as those developed by ASPRS. This study found that the SRTM data had slightly better accuracy than the NED data but it may not represent the terrain properly and may have larger errors in computing slope and aspect parameters. It is also important to note that the SRTM data is a DSM while NED data is a DEM measuring ground topography. SRTM data is current which is an important advantage providing a proper model that can be used for many applications, even for updating the NED. Concluding Remarks