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Chapter 16

Chapter 16. FOREIGN POLICY. Learning Objectives. 1) Discuss how foreign policy is made & identify the key players in the process. 2) Summarize the history of American foreign policy through the years. 3) Identify the foreign policy challenges presented by terrorism. Learning Objectives.

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Chapter 16

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  1. Chapter 16 FOREIGN POLICY

  2. Learning Objectives • 1) Discuss how foreign policy is made & identify the key players in the process. • 2) Summarize the history of American foreign policy through the years. • 3) Identify the foreign policy challenges presented by terrorism.

  3. Learning Objectives • 4) Explain the principal issues dividing the Israelis & the Palestinians & the solutions proposed by the international community. • 5) Outline some of the actions taken by the United States to curb the threat of nuclear weapons. • 6) Describe China’s emerging roles as a world power.

  4. Introduction • Foreign Policy: • A systematic & general plan that guides a country’s attitudes & actions toward the rest of the world. • Foreign policy includes all of the economic, military, commercial, & diplomatic positions & actions that a nation takes in its relationships with other countries.

  5. Introduction • Moral Idealism: • In foreign policy, the belief that the most important goal is to do what is right. • Moral idealists think that it is possible for nations to cooperate as part of a rule-based community.

  6. Introduction • Political Realism: • In foreign policy, the belief that nations are inevitably selfish, and that we should seek to protect our national security, regardless of moral arguments.

  7. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy? • The President’s Role: • Article II, Section 2 of Constitution, names president commander in chief of the armed forces. • As commander president oversees the military & guides defense policies. • Constitution also authorizes the president to make treaties, with 2/3 Senate approval. • Executive agreements w/ other heads of state not subject to Senate approval • Ultimate power of nuclear weapons control

  8. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • The Cabinet: • Departments of: Commerce, Agriculture, Treasury, & Energy recommend policies due to economic factors in the global market. • Secretary of State & Secretary of Defense • Only Cabinet members who concern themselves w/ foreign policy on full time basis.

  9. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • The Department of State: • Principle agency most directly involved in foreign policy (diplomatic relations) • The Department of Defense: • Principle executive department that establishes & carries out defense policy & protects our national security. • Chairperson for the Joint Chiefs of Staff is appointed by the president for a 4 year term.

  10. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • Other Agencies: • Arms Control & Disarmament Agency (1961) • Broadcasting Board of Governors • Agency for International Development • Peace Corps • Two key agencies: National Security Council & Central Intelligence Agency

  11. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • National Security Council (NSC): • Established by National Security Act of 1947 • “advises president w/ respect to integration of domestic, foreign, & military policies relating to national security.” • President, VP, Sec. of State & Defense formal members of NSA • Chairperson of Joint Chiefs of Staff, CIA director, also in attendance at NSC mtgs.

  12. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): • Created after WWII, coordinates American intelligence activities abroad. • Congress’s Powers: • Constitutional power to declare war • Appropriation of funds for weapons systems, equip the U.S. armed forces, & provide foreign aid

  13. Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy • Congress’s Powers cont’d: • Senate approve/reject treaties & appointment of ambassadors • War Powers Resolution (1973) • President must consult Congress before military action is taken. • House Committees on Foreign Affairs & Armed Services as well as Senate Committees on Armed Services & Foreign Relations

  14. A Short History of American Foreign Policy • Isolationism: • A political policy of non-involvement in world affairs. • Monroe Doctrine (1823): • U.S. policy announced by President James Monroe • U.S. would not tolerate foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere • In return, the U.S. would stay out of European affairs.

  15. Beginning of Interventionism • Interventionism: • Direct involvement by one country in another country’s affairs. • Spanish-American War (1898) U.S. fought to free Cuba from Spain • Spain lost the war & the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, & the Philippines to the U.S. • U.S. acquires colonial empire

  16. Beginning of Interventionism • Colonial Empire: • A group of colonized nations that are under the rule of a single imperial power. • After Spanish-American war U.S. returns to isolationism as foreign policy • WWI President Woodrow Wilson proclaims: neutrality- A position of not being aligned w/ either side in a dispute or conflict • i.e. War

  17. The World Wars • 1917 U.S. enters WWI after U.S. ships attacked by German Subs in international waters • After WWI U.S. reverts back to isolationism • Pearl Harbor (1941) U.S. enters WWII

  18. The Cold War • Post WWII, U.S. & Soviet relations deteriorate rapidly • (Democracy v. Communism) • Soviet Bloc: • The group of Eastern European nations that fell under the control of the Soviet Union following WWII. • Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, & Romania

  19. The Cold War • Iron Curtain: • Phrase coined by Winston Churchill • describes the political boundaries betwn the democratic countries in Western Europe • & the Soviet controlled Communist countries in Eastern Europe.

  20. The Cold War • Marshall Plan: • A plan providing for U.S. economic assistance to European nations following WWII to help those nations recover from the war. • Named after Secretary of State, George C. Marshall (1947-1949)

  21. The Cold War • Containment: • U.S. policy designed to contain the spread of communism by offering military & economic aid to threatened nations. • Cold War: • War of words, warnings, & ideologies betwn the Soviet Union & the United States that lasted from the late 1940s – early 1990s

  22. The Cold War • Deterrence: • Policy of building up military strength for the purpose of discouraging military attacks by other nations; • Policy of “building weapons of peace” that supported the arms race betwn the U.S. & the Soviet Union during Cold War.

  23. The Cold War • Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): • Theory arising out deterrence • Phrase referring to the assumption that if the forces of two nations are equally capable of destroying each other, neither will take a chance on war.

  24. The End of the Cold War • Cuban Missile Crisis: (1962) • A nuclear stand-off when the U.S. learned that Soviet Union had placed nuclear warheads in Cuba. (90 miles off of U.S. coast) • The crisis was defused diplomatically • Considered the closest the two Cold War superpowers came to nuclear confrontation.

  25. The End of the Cold War • Détente: • “Relaxation of tensions”. • Characterized the relationship betwn the U.S. & the Soviet Union in the 1970s • Both rival nations attempted to pursue cooperative dealings & arms control. • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)

  26. Soviet Union Falls • Late 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev initiates efforts to democratize Soviet political system & decentralize the economy. • Reforms spread quickly throughout Eastern Europe, 1989 Berlin Wall is torn down • Failed coup in Aug. of ’91, where Boris Yeltsin confronts disgruntled Communist leaders & military, USSR is no longer!

  27. Post-Cold War Foreign Policy - U.S. forced to rethink foreign policy after Cold War • Humanitarian crisis & Peacekeeping Missions • i.e. Famine & Civil War or Ethnic cleansing • Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, & Sudan • September 11, 2001 provides clear direction of framework for United States foreign policy

  28. The War on Terrorism • Terrorism: • The use of staged violence, often against civilians, to achieve political goals. • Pg. 370 examples of Terrorist attacks throughout recent years

  29. The War on Terrorism • Varieties of Terrorism: pg. 379 • Local or Regional Terrorism • Extremist who are motivated by the desire to obtain freedom from a nation or gov. that they regard as an oppressor. • State-Sponsored Terrorism • Terrorist attacks planned & sponsored by governments. • i.e. Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, & Syria

  30. The War on Terrorism • Varieties of Terrorism cont’d: • Foreign Terrorist Networks: • Relatively new type of terrorism (late 1990s & early 2000s) • Emergence of non-state terrorist networks • i.e. Al Qaeda: quasi-hierarchical terrorist organization that planned & executed terrorist attacks of 9/11, bombings of two U.S. embassies in Africa, & bombing of USS Cole

  31. The U.S. Response to 9/11- The War in Afghanistan • Supported by coalition of international allies U.S. military goes after al Qaeda camps & ruling Taliban in Afghanistan • Coalition: • An alliance of nations to undertake a foreign policy action, particularly military action. • A coalition is often a temporary alliance that dissolves after the action is concluded.

  32. The Focus on Iraq • Axis of Evil (Iraq, Iran, & North Korea) • Bush administration focuses on “regime change” in Iraq • Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): • Nuclear, chemical, & biological weapons that can inflict massive civilian casualties & pose long-term health dangers to human beings.

  33. The Focus on Iraq • Preemptive war: • A war launched by a nation to prevent an imminent attack by another nation. • Preventative war: • A war launched by a nation to prevent the possibility that another nation might attack at some point in the future. • Not supported by international law.

  34. The Focus on Iraq • Neoconservatism: • A philosophy of foreign policy based on moral idealism. • Neoconservatives support the use of economic and military power to bring democracy and human rights to other countries. • Advocated by President Bush (son)

  35. The Focus on Iraq • The “Bush Doctrine”- Preventative War & Regime Change • Multilateral: • In IR an action involving more than one side or nation. • Unilateral: • In IR, action that involves or affects only one side in a conflict or that is taken by only one nation. • IR= International Relations

  36. Iraq War • Iraq War starts March 20, 2003 • Bush declares “Mission Accomplished” May 1, 2003 • Unfortunately, “victory” is short lived • Insurgency & Resistance: • Iraqis resent Western meddling in their country’s affairs, furthermore they question America’s motive for invasion

  37. Iraq • Iraqi elections & New Government • January 2005, 1st free elections in half a century • October 2002 national assembly drafts constitution & submits it to the voters for ratification • December 2005 new elections held to select members of parliament • Shiites gain majority of seats

  38. Ethnic & Religious Groups in Iraq by % of Population

  39. Iraq • Continuing Insurgency & Sectarian Strife • Lack of exit strategy causes problems • Shiites, Sunnis, & Kurds can’t get it together regarding major issues • i.e. Constitutional changes & sharing oil revenues • Congress & President Bush at odds over how & when to bring troops home • Obama brings troops home in 2010

  40. Again, Afghanistan • The Afghan-Pakistani Border • Taliban take & maintain shelter on far side of Afghan-Pakistani border • In Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas • Districts are largely free from central gov. control • U.S. Troops Buidup • Obama always in support of U.S. entry into Afghanistan • Troop surge of 30,000+ • Troops remain in Afghanistan post 2014

  41. Again, Afghanistan • U.S. Attacks in Pakistan • Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan quite complicated • Predator attacks in Pakistan by U.S. • Pakistan’s intelligence agency, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), has funded a variety of Islamist militant groups who have attacked Afghan gov. & U.S. forces • The Death of Bin Laden • By U.S. in Pakistan May 2011

  42. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • The Arab-Israeli Wars: • For many years after Israel was founded in 1948, the neighboring Arab states did not accept its legitimacy as a nation. • Palestine rendered nationless country • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): • An organization formed in 1964 to represent the Palestinian people. The PLO has a long history of terrorism but for some years has launched primarily as a political party.

  43. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • The Israeli-Palestinian Dispute • Negotiations: • Oslo Accords: • The first agreement signed between Israel and the PLO; led to the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in occupied territories. • Negotiations Collapse • A Divided Palestine

  44. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict • Obama & Netanyahu • The Palestinians & the United Nations

  45. Weapons Proliferation in an Unstable World • North Korea’s Nuclear Program • Receives help from USSR in developing nuclear program, North Korean leader Kim Jong II openly hostile to U.S. • U.S. will only engage in talks with North Korea if China, Russia, Japan, & South Korea are present!

  46. Weapons Proliferation in an Unstable World • Iran: An Emerging Nuclear Threat? • State sponsor of terrorism, has been linked to current Iraqi insurgency efforts against American forces • Openly hostile to U.S. • Openly stated no intention to develop nuclear missiles, simply seeking to develop nuclear energy plants. • Intelligence reports find that Iran is working on missile delivery system for nuclear warheads.

  47. Arms Control Treaties: Do They Work? • Treaties w/ Former Soviet Union: • Russia will not allow U.S. inspection • Biological Weapons Treaty: • U.S. doesn’t propose or support any specific solutions for system of compliance • Chemical Weapons Treaty: • Loopholes & Weak enforcement mechanisms • Too little, Too Late

  48. China- The Next Superpower? • Chinese-American Trade Relations: • Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status: • A status granted through an international treaty by which each member nation must treat other members at least as well as it treats the country that receives its most favorable treatment. • Formerly known as most favored nation status • Future Challenger to American Dominance

  49. Freer World Trade & The WTO • Human Rights & the WTO: • More trade ultimately will bring about political & social change • Or allowing trade is giving stamp of approval to the Chinese government’s oppression of its citizen’s rights.

  50. Freer World Trade & The WTO • Globalization- Good, Bad, or Indifferent? • Globalization: the diffusion of commodities & ideas on a global scale. • Protectionism v. Free Trade

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