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Strong Limits on a Variable Proton to Electron Mass Ratio ( ) from Ammonia Inversion Lines

Strong Limits on a Variable Proton to Electron Mass Ratio ( ) from Ammonia Inversion Lines. C. Henkel (MPIfR, Bonn). NH 3. Ratio of strong to weak scale. Common Method. Compare frequencies of vibrational and rotational molecular transitions. H 2 in Quasars.

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Strong Limits on a Variable Proton to Electron Mass Ratio ( ) from Ammonia Inversion Lines

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  1. Strong Limits on a Variable Proton to Electron Mass Ratio () from Ammonia Inversion Lines C. Henkel (MPIfR, Bonn) NH3 Ratio of strong to weak scale

  2. Common Method Compare frequencies of vibrational and rotational molecular transitions H2 in Quasars (Vibro-Rotational Absorption Lines)

  3. Extragalactic Ammonia (NH3) First polyatomic molecule detected in interstellar space (1968) • Large number of transitions within a limited frequency range (inversion lines) • Wide range of excitation conditions • Widespread spatial distribution • Hyperfine structure allows us to directly determine optical depths • Densities and gas kinetic temperatures can be derived

  4. NH3

  5. NH3 NH3 (18,18) 3130 K Sgr B2 (T.L. Wilson et al. 2006)

  6. NH3 ( gp/)2 TMC-1C λ  1.3 cm

  7. B0218+357 A gravitational lens at z = 0.68466 (ze =0.944) Look back time: 6  109 yr

  8. PKS 1830-211: Frye, Welch, Broadhurst 1997, ApJ 478, L25 Lens at z = 0.88582 HI absorption also at z = 0.19 (zblazar = 2.507) Dim r ~ 0.5” Einstein ring

  9. J. Braatz 23K / 64 K z = 0.88582 NH3 (1,1) + (2,2)

  10. NH3 (3,3) 123 K z = 0.88582

  11. 199 K z = 0.88582 NH3 (4,4)

  12. 294 K z = 0.88582 NH3 (5,5)

  13. 406 K z = 0.88582 NH3 (6,6)

  14. NH3 (7,7) 535 K z = 0.88582

  15. NH3 (8,8) 683 K z = 0.88582

  16. NH3 (9,9) 848 K z = 0.88582

  17. NH3 (10,10) 1031 K z = 0.88582

  18. 12CO  = mp/me NH3 inversion versus rotational lines: 3.46  (Δ/) = (zinv – zrot) / (1 + z) = ΔV/c (Early discussions with J. Chengalur in Epping) (Flambaum & Kozlov 2007, Phys. Rev. Let. 95, 240801) 13CO

  19. B0218+357 Complementary rotational lines Multicomponent analysis

  20. B0218+357 Δ/ < 2.7  10-6 (3σ limit) (Δ/Δt)/ < 4.5  10 -16 yr-1 (3σ limit) (Murphy, Flambaum, S. Muller et al. 2008, Sci 320, 1611) Strength: A very thorough analysis Caveats: Few NH3 and few rotational lines (chemistry?) Different frequencies (cm versus mm-waves) Optically thin versus optically thick lines

  21. PKS1830-211 Redshifted frequencies between 12.56 and 15.17 GHz Background continuum between 6.5 and 8 Jy NH3

  22. PKS1830-211 10.22.0 8.80.7 τapparent: 0.0008 – 0.03 (NH3) 0.35 for prominent (mm-wave lines) (Wiklind & Combes 1996, 1998) and with 0.1 at dm-wavelengths (Chengalur et al. 1999). 8.50.6 10.90.4 8.10.2, 8.50.6 8.20.3, 8.70.5 8.40.2, 9.10.7 8.60.1 7.40.2, 10.50.4 NH3 9.00.1, 8.60.5

  23. NH3

  24. NH3

  25. PKS1830-211 Ground rotational transition of NH3 Menten et al. 2008, A&A 492, 725 Δ/  5.7  10-6 (3σ limit) APEX Strength: One molecule Caveats: 15 GHz versus 300 GHz One rotational line Limited S/N ratio

  26. PKS1830−211 Rotational spectra of other molecules at nearby frequencies HC3N SO J = 1−0 SO J = 2−1 C34S J = 1−0 H13CO+ J = 1−0 H13CN J = 1−0 HN13C J = 1−0 Effelsberg

  27. 3.8 K < TCMB < 7.2 K [TCMB = 2.73 (1 + z)] Expected value: 5.14 K SiO (6.8  0.3) K C34S (7.2  0.4) K H13CO+ (3.8  0.3) K H13CN (4.8  0.5) K Unweighted Mean: (5.65  0.81) K

  28. NH3 Other Species

  29. <V>NH3 = 8.81  0.23 km/s <V>HC3N = 8.73  0.43 km/s <V>others = 9.07  0.38 km/s <V>NH3,low = 8.82  0.45 km/s <V>NH3,high = 8.94  0.27 km/s NH3 + HC3N: Δ/ < 1.4  10-6 (3σ, NH3, HC3N) Also including the other lines Δ/ < 1.0  10-6

  30. Strength: Many molecular lines of both kinds Similar frequencies Optical depths << 1 No apparent velocity shift with excitation Small time interval between the measurements Caveats: The excitation of the inversion lines is higher than those of the rotational lines A thorough multicomponent analysis is still missing

  31. Δ/ < 3.0  10-5 (z = 2−3)

  32. Δ/ < 3.0  10-5 (z = 2−3) Δ/ < 1.0  10-6 (z = 0.89)

  33. Δ/ < 3.0  10-5 (z = 2−3) Δ/ < 1.0  10-6 (z = 0.89) Δ/  1.0  10-8 (z = 0.00)

  34. NH3 TMC-1C λ  1.3 cm

  35. HC3N J=21 TMC-1C λ 1.3 cm

  36. Preliminary Results: Molaro, Levshakov & Kozlov (astro-ph/0907.1192) Levshakov, Molaro, & Kozlov (astro-ph/0808.0583) NH3, C2H, HC3N, N2H+: 35 – 53 m/s !!! Δ/  4 10-8 !!! Accuracy to be achieved: Δ/  10-8 !!! 10 m/s

  37. Chameleon Fields Quintessential Field varying in time and space? Coupling with matter could change fundamental quantities locally.

  38. Thank You!

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