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Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 8

Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 8. Values. What are the major value dimensions on which cultural groups vary?. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:. 1. define the value dimensions identified by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, Hofstede and Schwartz.

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Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 8

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  1. Psychology 307: Cultural PsychologyLecture 8

  2. Values • What are the major value dimensions on which cultural groups vary?

  3. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. define the value dimensions identified by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, Hofstede and Schwartz. 2. discuss Canada’s rankings on Hofstede’s value dimensions. 3. describe Schwartz’ Circular Value Structure.

  4. What are the major value dimensions on which cultural groups vary? • Schwartz and Bilsky (1987) generated the following definition of “values”: “Values (a) are concepts or beliefs, (b) pertain to desirable end states or behaviors, (c) transcend specific situations, (d) guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and (e) are ordered by relative importance.”

  5. A number of studies have examined the major value dimensions on which cultures vary. These include: (a) Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961): • Examined values among members of diverse cultural groups within the U.S. (e.g., Hispanics, Mormons, Navaho Indians, Texans). • Identified 5 value dimensions on which these cultural groups varied:

  6. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Dimensions

  7. Value Orientations of U.S. Cultural Groups (Ho, 1987)

  8. (b) Hofstede (1980, 2001): • Examined values among IBM employees in 40 countries (e.g., Canada, China, Columbia, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, New Zealand, Poland, Uruguay, U.S., West Africa). • Identified 4 value dimensions on which these cultural groups varied: Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and individualism.

  9. Countries High and Low on Hofstede’sValue Dimensions

  10. Canada’s Scores on Hofstede’sValue Dimensions

  11. (c) Schwartz (1999): • Examined values among individuals in 49 countries (e.g., Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, United States, Zimbabwe). • Identified 3 value dimensions on which these cultural groups varied: Mastery vs. harmony, hierarchy vs. egalitarianism, and conservatism vs. autonomy.

  12. Countries High on Schwartz’sValue Dimensions

  13. Schwartz (1994) depicted the values that comprise the 3 dimensions in a circular structure. • Schwartz argued that, within the circular structure, adjacent values (e.g., hierarchy and conservatism) are compatible with one another and can be simultaneously pursued by a cultural group. In contrast, opposing values (e.g., mastery and harmony) are incompatible with one another and cannot be simultaneously pursued by a cultural group.

  14. Schwartz’s Circular Value Structure Hierarchy Conservatism Mastery Harmony Autonomy Egalitarianism

  15. Of the various value dimensions on which cultures vary, the dimension that has been most studied is Hofstede’s dimension of individualism. This dimension is often referred to as individualism- collectivism or “IC.” • In recent years, there has been a proliferation of research on the impact of IC on a variety of psychological constructs, including the self-concept.

  16. Values • What are the major value dimensions on which cultural groups vary?

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