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Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System. A. 4 components 1. visceral sensory neuron (1) 2. visceral motor neurons (2) A) preganglionic B) postganglionic 3. autonomic ganglion (1). Autonomic Nervous System. B. Neurotransmitters 1. The neurotransmitter released depends on the type of neuron involved

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Autonomic Nervous System

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  1. Autonomic Nervous System A. 4 components 1. visceral sensory neuron (1) 2. visceral motor neurons (2) A) preganglionic B) postganglionic 3. autonomic ganglion (1)

  2. Autonomic Nervous System B. Neurotransmitters 1. The neurotransmitter released depends on the type of neuron involved 2. Two classifications of autonomic neurons A) Cholinergic neurons – release ACh 1) all preganglionic fibers 2) all parasympathetic postganglionic fibers 3) a few sympathetic postganglionic fibers (ex. sweat glands)

  3. Autonomic Nervous System B) Adrenergic – release norepinephrine 1) all remaining sympathetic postganglionic fibers C. Receptors 1. Cholinergic receptors – bind with ACh A) 2 types

  4. Autonomic Nervous System 1) Nicotinic a) 17 different types, divided into 2 subtypes (neuronal & muscle) b) found on all postganglionic fibers (excitatory) c) found on a few sympathetic effectors – sweat glands (excitatory)

  5. Autonomic Nervous System 2) Muscarinic a) 5 subtypes (M1-M5) b) found throughout the body on parasympathetic effectors i) can be excitatory or inhibitory dependent on location

  6. Autonomic Nervous System 2. Adrenergic – bind with norepinephrine A) 2 types 1) alpha (a) adrenergic – 2 subtypes a) a1 – most blood vessels (excitatory) b) a2 – some blood vessels (excitatory)

  7. Autonomic Nervous System 2) beta (b) adrenergic – 3 subtypes a) b1 – cardiac muscle tissue (excitatory) b) b2 – airways & blood vessels of heart and skeletal muscle tissue (inhibition) c) b3 – brown adipose tissue (excitatory)

  8. Autonomic Nervous System D. Comparison of Sympathetic & Parasympathetic 1. Origin of fibers A) Sympathetic – thoracic & lumbar regions B) Parasympathetic – brain & sacral regions 2. Location of their ganglia A) Sympathetic – near spinal cord 1) compose the sympathetic chain ganglia B) Parasympathetic – within the effector

  9. Autonomic Nervous System 3. Length of their fibers A) Sympathetic – short preganglionic & long postganglionic B) Parasympathetic – long preganglionic & short postganglionic E. Parasympathetic Nervous System 1. Responsible for energy restoration & conservation 2. Cranial Outflow

  10. Autonomic Nervous System A) Occulomotor Nerve (III) 1) cause pupils to constrict and the lens to bulge (focusing on close objects) B) Facial Nerve (VII) 1) stimulates large glands of the head (salivary, lacrimal, and nasal) C) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) 1) stimulates parotid salivary gland

  11. Autonomic Nervous System D) Vagus Nerve (X) 1) decreases/steadies heart rate and constricts coronary vessels 2) constricts bronchioles 3) expels bile from gallbladder 4) stimulates secretion of enzymes in the stomach 5) increases motility (peristalsis) and relaxes the sphincter muscles in the intestines

  12. Autonomic Nervous System 3. Sacral Outflow A) relaxes internal anal sphincter to promote defecation B) contraction of smooth muscle of urinary bladder wall and relaxes internal urethral sphincter to promote urination C) causes dilation of the vessels leading to the genitalia causing penile or clitoral erection

  13. Autonomic Nervous System F. Sympathetic Nervous System 1. Responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response 2. 2 groups of sympathetic ganglia A) Sympathetic chain ganglia 1) lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column

  14. Autonomic Nervous System 2) generally innervate organs above the diaphragm 3) examples: a) Superior Cervical Ganglia i) innervates structures of the head including sweat & salivary glands and smooth muscles of the eye

  15. Autonomic Nervous System b) Middle & Inferior Cervical Ganglia i) innervate structures of the thorax including the heart and thyroid gland B) Collateral (prevertebral) ganglia 1) lie anterior to the spinal cord and close to the large abdominal arteries 2) generally innervate structures below the diaphragm

  16. Autonomic Nervous System 3) examples: a) Celiac Ganglia i) decreases digestive and urinary functions ii) stimulates release of glucose from liver and the release of adrenal hormones b) Superior Mesenteric Ganglia i) decreases small intestine activity

  17. Autonomic Nervous System c) Inferior Mesenteric Ganglia i) decreases large intestine activity d) Hypogastric Ganglia i) relaxes the walls of the urinary bladder and constricts the internal urethral sphincter to inhibit urination ii) causes ejaculation or vaginal contractions

  18. Hypogastric Ganglion

  19. Autonomic Nervous System G. Summary 1. Sympathetic NS A) Increases heart rate & blood pressure B) Increases respiration (rate & depth) C) Increases blood glucose D) Decreases the activities of the digestive and urinary systems

  20. Autonomic Nervous System 2. Parasympathetic NS A) Decreases heart rate B) Decreases blood pressure (both directly & indirectly) C) Decreases respiration (rate & depth) D) Decreases blood glucose levels E) Increases digestive function F) Has no direct effect on kidney function

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