Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14

3. The Secession Crisis • "Southern Nationalism" – the fire-eaters began to demand an end to the Union after Lincoln’s election as president

4. The Secession Crisis • South Carolina called a special convention, which voted unanimously to secede on December 20, 1860, Mississippi (1/9/1861), Florida (1/10/1861), Alabama (1/11/1861), Georgia (1/19/1861), Louisiana (1/26/1861), and Texas (2/1/1861) had all seceded by the time Lincoln took office

5. The Secession Crisis • In February 1861 representatives of the seven seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama to form the Confederate States of America, sent commissioners to Washington to ask for the surrender of Sumter; instead Buchanan ordered a ship of supplies to be carried to Fort Sumter, Confederate cannons opened fire on the ship and turned it back, the first shots between North and South had been fired

6. The Process of Secession

7. The Secession Crisis • Crittenden Compromise (proposed by John J. Crittenden of Kentucky) called for several Constitutional amendments, which would guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states, reestablish the Missouri Compromise line in all present and future territory of the US, keep in place the Fugitive Slave Law, and protect slavery in Washington DC, Republicans opposed it since it would allow slavery to expand

8. The Secession Crisis • Lincoln’s Inaugural Address – no state could leave the Union since it was older than the Constitution, the government would "hold, occupy and possess" federal property in the seceded states (Fort Sumter), Lincoln sent a relief expedition to Fort Sumter explaining to South Carolina that there would be no attempt to send troops or munitions unless the supply ships met with resistance

9. The Secession Crisis • Confederate reaction was to order General P.G.T. Beauregard to take the island by force if necessary, Anderson surrendered after two days of bombardment (April 12 – 13, 1861) the Civil War had begun

10. The Secession Crisis • Virginia (4/17/1861), Arkansas (5/6/1861), Tennessee (6/8/1861), and North Carolina (5/20/1861) seceded after the fall of Fort Sumter

11. The Secession Crisis • Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri cast their lot with the Union under heavy political and military pressure from Washington DC

12. The Secession Crisis • Ralph Waldo Emerson – “I do not see how a barbarous community and civilized community can constitute one state”

13. The Secession Crisis • Anonymous Slaveowner – “These [Northern] people hate us, annoy us, and would have us assassinated by our slaves if they dared. They are a different people from us, whether better or worse, and there is no love between us. Why then continue together?”

14. The Secession Crisis • Northern Advantages – population more then twice as large as the South (four times as large as the non-slave population) which allowed for more manpower in the army and more workers/farmers for wartime production, an advanced industrial system that allowed the North to manufacture almost all of its war materials, while the South had to rely on imports from Europe for most of its material, a better transportation system with twice as much railroad trackage as the South and a much better integrated system of railroad lines

15. The Secession Crisis • Southern Advantages – fighting was on their own land with local support and familiarity with the territory, inadequate transportation for the army of the North with long lines of communication among a hostile population, the population of the South clearly supported the war whereas support for the war in the North was divided and unsteady, the South believed that foreign dependence on Southern cotton production would force England and France to intervene on the side of the Confederacy

16. Union and Confederate Resources

17. Mobilization of the North • The Republican Party enacted an aggressively nationalistic program to promote economic development, especially in the West

18. Mobilization of the North • Homestead Act of 1862 – permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years

19. Mobilization of the North • Morrill Land Grant Act – transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments which were to sell the land and use proceeds to finance public education, this created new state colleges, universities

20. Mobilization of the North • Raised tariffs to all time high, incorporated two federally chartered corporations (the Union Pacific Railroad Company – build westward from Omaha and the Central Pacific Railroad Company – build eastward from California) to work on the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, each company was provided free public lands and generous loans to complete the project

21. Mobilization of the North • National Bank Acts of 1863 – 1864 created a new national banking system, in which existing banks could join the system if they had enough capital and were willing to invest 1/3rd of it in government securities, this system allowed member banks to issue U.S. Treasury notes as currency which eliminated much of the chaos and uncertainty in the nations currency and created a uniform system of national bank notes

22. Mobilization of the North • Financing the war –levied taxes, issuing paper currency and borrowing, Congress levied an income tax for the first time (10% on incomes over $5,000), Greenbackswere paper currency, backed not by gold or silver but by good faith and credit of the government (in 1864 the Greenback dollar was worth 39% of a gold dollar

23. Mobilization of the North • At the end of the war the Greenback was worth 67% of a gold dollar), the government only issued $450 million worth of paper currency during the whole war which resulted in inflation, the Treasury persuaded ordinary citizens to buy over 400 million worth of bonds – first example of mass financing, the total cost of the war was $2.6 billion which was mostly financed by banks and large financial interests

24. Mobilization of the North • In 1861 the U.S. Army consisted of 16,000 troops, mostly stationed in the West to protect settlers from Indians, Lincoln called for an increase of 23,000 in the regular army, Congress authorized enlisting 500,000 volunteers for three-year terms, after an initial rise in enlistments they gradually began to decline

25. Mobilization of the North • In 1863 Congress was forced to pass National Draft Law, virtually all adult males were eligible to be drafted but a man could escape service by hiring someone to go in his place or by paying the government a fee of $300

26. Mobilization of the North • Opposition to the draft was widespread among laborers, and immigrants, a draft riot broke out in New York City in 1863 and Irish workers were at the center of the violence (they were angry that black strikebreakers has been used against them in a recent longshoreman’s strike), the Irishblamed the African Americans for the war and thought the war was being fought for the benefit of slaves who would be competing with white workers for jobs

27. Mobilization of the North • Peace Democrats (Copperheads) were opposed to the war, feared that agriculture and the northwest were losing influence to the rise of big industry and the East, and that Republican Nationalism was eroding states’ rights

28. Mobilization of the North • Lincoln assembled a cabinet representing every faction of the Republican Party, sent troops into battle (it was a domestic insurrection not a war) without asking Congress, increased the size of the regular army without receiving legislative authority, unilaterally proclaimed a naval blockade of the south

29. Mobilization of the North • Lincoln’s greatest political problem was the widespread popular opposition to the war mobilized by the Peace Democrats, so he ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the rights of habeas corpus (theright of an arrested person to a speedy, public trial), at first this was only used in the border states, but in 1862 Lincoln proclaimed that all persons who discouraged enlistments or engaged in disloyal practices were subject to martial law

30. Mobilization of the North • In all more than 13,000 people were arrested and imprisoned for varying lengths of time, the most prominent Copperhead (Clement L. Vallandingham, a member of Congress from Ohio) was seized by military authorities and exiled to the Confederacy after he made a speech claiming that the purpose of the war was to free the blacks and enslave the whites

31. Mobilization of the North • Lincoln also defied the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Taney issued a writ in the case Ex Parte Merryman requiring Lincoln to release an imprisoned secessionist leader from Maryland – Lincoln simply ignored the writ, after the war in 1866 the Supreme Court ruled in Ex Parte Milligan that military trials in areas where the civil courts existed were unconstitutional

32. Mobilization of the North • The Election of 1864 took place amongst considerable political dissension, the Republicans had suffered heavy losses in the Congressional elections of 1862, and in responseRepublican leaders combined all the groups that supported the war into the Union Party andnominated Lincoln for president, Andrew Johnson (a war Democrat from Tennessee who opposed his state's decision for seceding) for vice president.

33. Mobilization of the North • The Democrats nominatedGeorge B. McClellan, a celebrated former Union general who had been relieved of his command by Lincoln, adopted a platform of denouncing the war and calling for a truce (the Democrats were clearly the peace party in the campaign), tried to profit from growing war weariness and from Union's discouraging military position in the summer of 1864

34. Mobilization of the North • Lincoln won the election of 1864 by a vote of 212 – 21 in the Electoral College but only by 10% in the popular vote, his victory was largely due to Northern military victories (the capture of Atlanta rejuvenated Northern morale and boosted Republican prospects in the election) and the fact that Lincoln made special arrangements to allow Union troops to vote

35. Sherman’s March to the Sea

36. Mobilization of the North • Radical Republicans –Thaddeus Stevens (PA), Charles Sumner (MA), and Benjamin Wade (OH) wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely

37. Mobilization of the North • Conservative Republicans –favored slower, more gradual, and less disruptive processes of ending slavery, Lincoln embraced a cautious view on emancipation

38. Mobilization of the North • Confiscation Act (1861) – declared all slaves used for “insurrectionary” purposes (in support of the Confederate military effort) would be considered freed

39. Mobilization of the North • Subsequent laws in the Spring of 1862 abolished slavery in Washington DC and the western territories, provided compensation for owners who freed their slaves

40. Mobilization of the North • Second Confiscation Act (July 1862) declared free the slaves of persons aiding and supporting the insurrection (whether or not the slaves themselves were doing so) and authorized the President to employ African Americans, including freed slaves, as soldiers

41. African-American Troops

42. Mobilization of the North • Most of the North slowly accepts emancipation as a central war aim in order to justify the tremendous sacrifices that were being made to win the war

43. Mobilization of the North • Emancipation Proclamation–after the Union victory at Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln announced that he would use his war powers to issue an executive order (to take effect on January 1, 1863) declaring forever free slaves in all areas of the Confederacy except those under Union control (Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern Louisiana), the Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware,

44. Mobilization of the North • The immediate effect of the Proclamation was limited since it only applied to slaves still under Confederate control, but it was very significant because it showed that the war was being fought not only to preserve the union but also to eliminate slavery, eventually the Proclamation became a practical reality and freed thousands of slaves

45. Mobilization of the North • By the end of the war Missouri, Maryland, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana had abolished slavery, and the final step came in 1865 when Congress approved and enough states ratified the 13th Amendment,whichabolished slavery as an institution in all parts of the United States

46. Mobilization of the North • In the first months of the Civil War blacks were not allowed to serve in the Union army, there were a few black regiments that did serve, but after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued black enlistment increased rapidly with 186,000 men eventually serving in the Union army

47. Mobilization of the North • Some black regiments were fighting units (the 54th Massachusetts) with white commanding officers, but most black soldiers received menial tasks behind the lines, black mortality rate was higher than the rate for white soldiers because many died from disease while working in unsanitary conditions

48. Mobilization of the North • African American soldiers were paid 1/3rd less than white soldiers (until the law was changed in 1864), and if African American soldiers were captured by the Confederate army they were either returned to slavery or executed (at Fort Pillow in Tennessee 260 African American soldiers were executed after surrendering)

49. Mobilization of the North • The Civil War did not industrialize the North, that had already been occurring, and in some instance the war hurt the economic development of the North by cutting manufacturers off from their southern markets and sources of raw materials, also by diverting needed labor and resources to military purposes

50. Mobilization of the North • The Civil War helped the economic development of the North in some ways as well, coal production increased by nearly 20%, railroad facilities improved through the adoption of a standard gauge on new lines being built, the loss of farm labor forced many farmers to increase the mechanization of agriculture as more workers left the farms to fight in the war