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The Purpose of DNA

The Purpose of DNA. To make PROTEINS! Proteins give us our traits (ex: one protein gives a person blue eyes, another gives brown Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA mRNA Protein How do we get from DNA to proteins? Through RNA! RNA—Ribonucleic Acid

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The Purpose of DNA

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  1. The Purpose of DNA • To make PROTEINS! • Proteins give us our traits (ex: one protein gives a person blue eyes, another gives brown Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA mRNA Protein • How do we get from DNA to proteins? • Through RNA! • RNA—Ribonucleic Acid • Has Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose and is single-stranded instead of double stranded • mRNA—messenger RNA • tRNA—transfer RNA • rRNA—ribosomal RNA

  2. Transcription • DNA mRNA DNA bases mRNA bases Adenine Adenine Guanine Guanine Cytosine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

  3. Write the Complimentary RNA Strand to the DNA strands below • ATGCGGATACATCCGATCGATGCAAT • TGACGGACACTTACAGATTCTGTGAG • GAGCATTAGCAGGACTGCACGATATT • GTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGT

  4. Transcription Review • DNA mRNA

  5. Translation • mRNA Proteins • mRNA travels to the Ribosomes, where it is translated into AMINO ACIDS • mRNA is read in groups of 3-nucleotides called Codons • AUG = 1 codon • CAU = 1 codon

  6. Each codon codes for 1 amino acid, which is matched by a tRNA molecule. • The tRNA translates the message from mRNA into a specific chain of amino acids

  7. Codon Wheel of Amino Acids

  8. A chain of amino acids = 1 protein • The order of the amino acids determines the type of protein created

  9. Amino Acids • Essential Amino Acids—We have to obtain from food • Isoleucine • Leucine • Lysine • Methionine • Phenylalanine • Threonine • Tryptophan • Valine • Non-Essential Amino Acids—body produces • Alanine • Aspargine • Aspartic Acid • Cysteine • Glutamic Acid • Glutamine • Glycine • Proline • Serine • Tyrosine • Arginine • Histidine

  10. Construct the amino acid chain from the following mRNA strands • AUGCGGAUACAUCCGAUCGAUGCAAUCAUGCAU • AUGCGGACACUUACAGAUUCUGUGAGUCUCAAC

  11. Transcribe the following DNA sequence to mRNA, divide into triplet codons, then translate the sequence to Amino Acids. TACGATGCCATGCTGAGCTTGACCGCATCTAGGACTATGCA

  12. DNA Mutations • Point Mutation • Substitution of a single base • AUG CUG GAA CGA CUG UGA • AUG CUG GAG CGA CUG UGA • Frameshift Mutation • Insertion or deletion of a single base • AUG CUG GAA CGA CUG UGA • AUG CUG AAC GAC UGU GA • OR • AUG CUG GUA ACG ACU GUG A

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