Lumber one of the World’s oldest construction material

1. Lumber one of the World’s oldest construction material

2. Terminology • Wood has been the main construction material for centuries, terms used: • Lumber - wood that has been sawed and milled to size • Wood - unprocessed fibrous material of a tree • Timber - large size lumber

3. Wood Classification • Softwood - evergreen, conifer • Hardwood - broadleaf, deciduous SOFTWOOD HARDWOOD

4. Softwoods • Cedars • Douglas Fir • Firs • Hemlock • Cypress • Larch • Pines • Redwood • Spruce

5. Hardwood • Birch • Beech • Cherry • Hickory • Mahogany • Chestnut • Oak • Maple • Teak • Walnut

6. Lumber Sizes • Nominal size • used for call out • not actual size • example: 2 x 4 • Surfaced or Actual size • used for dimensioning in details • actual size • example: 1 1/2” x 3 1/2”

7. Lumber Sizes (Actual vs Nominal) • Details are always drawn using actual sizes • Dimensional Lumber vs. Veneer • Dimensional lumber size always nominal callout • Veneers lumber always use actual size on callout

8. Nominal 2x2 2x4 2x6 2x8 2x10 2x12 4x4 4x6 4x8 Surfaced 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 1 1/2 x 3 1/2 1 1/2x 5 1/2 1 1/2 x 7 1/4 1 1/2 x 9 1/4 1 1/2 x 11 1/4 3 1/2 x 3 1/2 3 1/2 x 5 1/2 3 1/2 x 7 1/4 Nominal vs Surfaced Size Lumber

9. Nominal 6x6 6x8 6x10 6x12 6x14 Surfaced 5 1/2 x 5 1/2 5 1/2 x 7 1/4 5 1/2 x 9 1/4 5 1/2 x 11 1/4 5 1/2 x 13 1/4 Nominal vs. Surfaced Size Lumber

10. Dressed Abbreviations for Lumber S1S Surfaced one side S2S Surfaced two sides S4S Surfaced four sides S1S1E Surfaced one side, one edge S1S2E Surfaced one side, two edges S1E Surfaced one edge

11. Species Selection • Species selection determines characteristics of wood • wood color • grain (open and closed) • hardness or durability • Ultimately determines usage • Region of growth determines availability

12. Grade (Set by Am. Lumber Stds) • Sets a standard of lumber quality and values between mills • Harmonize natural differences • Grade Numbers: (best)Select,1,2,3,Utility(worst)

13. Certification Marks and Examples • Weyerhaeuser Company • Timber Structures • Simpson Forest Products • Western Wood Products • Boise Cascade • Trus Joist MacMillan

14. Moisture Content • Moisture grade stamp mark given at the time of surfacing. • S-DRY--moisture content not exceeding 19 percent. • MC 15--moisture content not exceeding 15 percent. • S-GRN--moisture content exceeded 19 percent.

15. Division of Lumber Grade & Sizes • Board Lumber (up to 1 1/2” Thick) • appearance grade, sheathing, forms, & select • Dimensional Lumber (up to 4 1/2” Thick) • framing, joist, planks • Timbers (5” or thicker) • beams, stringers, post, timbers

16. Common Defects

17. Preservative Treatment • Used to improve the durability and longevity of wood • Primary Reasons for treatment • unsafe moisture water content causing decay • prevent insect damage and termite infestation

18. Preservative Treatment • Wood members which come in contact with concrete, masonry or earth should be of a treated wood

19. Preservative Treatment Techniques • Wood is treated by impregnating with toxic chemicals at elevated pressures & temperatures • creosote solutions • oil-borne preservatives • water-borne preservatives • water-repellent preservatives

20. Lamination • Structurally glued lumber • assembly of wood laminations, dimensional lumber • grain parallel to length • bonded with adhesive • variety of shapes/sizes • callout is actual size • layers commonly 1-2” thick, with the common being 1 1/2”

21. Plywood • Thin veneers glued together perpendicular to one another • odd number of veneers - 3,5,7,9 • very strong • used for sheathing, flooring • interior or exterior(X) glues • A,B,C,D surface quality • 4’ x 8’ sheets, Thickness 1/16” thru 1 1/4”

22. Plywood Grading Stamp • APA--trademark=American Plywood Association • Span Rating--32/16 or 48/24 • 1st # = max spacing for roof structure • 2nd #=max spacing for subfloor structure • Thickness--15/32” • Mill number • Exposure Rating--(3) • Exterior • Exposure 1 • Exposure 2

23. Plywood or Box Beam • Lumber and plywood used together • Can be nailed or laminated depending on the design of the engineer

24. Engineered Lumber Products • Comply: both plywood and OSB • plywood outside & center veneer • Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL): • MICRO-LAM, GANG-LAM, STRUCLAM • Parallel Strand Lumber • Wood I-beam: TJI • MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard • OSB - Oriented Strand Board • Particleboard

25. More Project Information • Do not worry about adding your title block to sheet A-1, A-2, etc. We will be doing that towards the end of the semester. All drawings are to be full scale. • Drawings will be submitted on a ‘B’ size print until the full set is due at the end of the semester at which time a full plotted D-size set will be turned in for a grade.

26. Assignment: • Sheet A-3 Elevations • Develop all four elevations of your hotel • Be sure and use proper material symbols and notes • Add necessary dimensions or datum • Use your own design – there are no restrictions on the elevations – have fun (but don’t let the elevations suck-up all your time

27. A-DWG3--Beam Types (Layout) Required: 1--Dimension/notes for each beam 2--Title each beam specific type as shown 3--Use symbols for materials 4--Use different line thicknesses to show contrast 5--Text Ref: Figure 5.11 Glu-lam, page 94, Figure 5.2 Solid, page 90, 3-2x10s built-up beam , 12” high w/ 2x4s and 3/4” plywood box beam 6--Each detail, Scale 3” = 1’ - 0” BLT-UP SOLID BOX GLU-LAM